1. Fig. 12-CO, p. 315

2. Fig. 12-1a, p. 317

3. Post-Glacial Sea Level Rise 0 0 75 20 150 60 40 225 80 300 100 Sea level change (ft) from present day 375 120 450 140 181614121086420 Thousands of years ago Sea level change (m) from present day 20

4. Fig. 12-1b, p. 317

5. Sea Level Projections 30 80 70 25 60 20 15 10 30 20 Sea level rise (cm) 40 50 Sea level rise (inch) 5 10 −5 −10 0 Observations 0 1950197520002025205020752100

6. Fig. 12-2a, p. 318

7. Fig. 12-2b, p. 318

8. Fig. 12-3, p. 319

9. Fig. 12-4a, p. 319

10. Blowhole Headland Sea cliffs Sea stack Sea cave Exposed beach Sea arch Wave-cut platform Sediments

11. Fig. 12-4b, p. 319

12. Fig. 12-4c, p. 319

13. Wave-cut platform Original land surface Sea cliff Notch eroded by waves

14. Fig. 12-4d, p. 319

15. Fig. 12-5, p. 320

16. Wave crests Wave energy converging on headlands Wave energy diverging Sediment movement Quiet beach

17. Fig. 12-6, p. 321

18. Fig. 12-7, p. 321

19. Fig. 12-8, p. 322

20. Fig. 12-9, p. 322

21. Fig. 12-10, p. 322

22. Fig. 12-11, p. 323

23. Fig. 12-12, p. 323

24. Table 12-1, p. 324

25. Fig. 12-13, p. 324

26. Shallow-water wave A To shore B

27. Fig. 12-14, p. 325

28. Back- shore Fore- shore Nearshore (through breakers) Dunes Berms Beach scarp Offshore Berm crest Longshore trough Longshore bars High tide Low tide (dotted line)

29. Fig. 12-15a, p. 325

30. Fig. 12-15b, p. 325

31. Fig. 12-16a, p. 326

32. Upper limit of wave action Surf zone Longshore current Path followed by sand grains Direction of wave approach

33. Fig. 12-16b, p. 326

34. Fig. 12-17, p. 327

35. Fig. 12-18a, p. 328

36. Coastal cell Cliff erosion River input Major river forming a delta Longshore transport Rocky point River input Submarine canyon Sediment entering longshore transport system Sediment movement down continental shelf and slope Sediment transport to ocean basin within a submarine canyon

37. Fig. 12-18b, p. 328

38. Santa Monica N Malibu Redondo Los Angeles Long Beach Palos Verdes Huntington Newport Santa Cruz Island Submarine canyon Oceanside Longshore drift Santa Catalina Island Rocky headlands 0 50 San Clemente Island Laguna km

39. Fig. 12-18c (1), p. 328

40. W–W– Cliff C+C+ Surf zone V+V+ O+O+ Beach V–V– O–O–

41. Fig. 12-18c (2), p. 328

42. Fig. 12-19, p. 329

43. Longshore current Sand spit Bay mouth bar Barrier island Bay Inlet Sea island Lagoon BayTombolo Beach

44. Fig. 12-20, p. 329

45. Fig. 12-21, p. 329

46. Fig. 12-22, p. 330

47. Isle of Wight Bay Fenwick Island N Ocean City Ocean City Inlet MARYLAND Upper Sinepuxent Neck Atlantic Ocean Position of shoreline 1980 1849 Assateague Island Sinepuxent Bay km 012 0.621.24 mi

48. Box 12-1a, p. 331

49. Box 12-1b, p. 331

50. Fig. 12-23a, p. 332

51. Fig. 12-23b, p. 332

52. Fig. 12-23c, p. 332

53. Fig. 12-24a, p. 333

54. Fig. 12-24b, p. 333

55. Fig. 12-25, p. 334

56. Fig. 12-26, p. 334

57. 010 km Massachusetts Elizabeth Islands Recessional moraine Atlantic Ocean Terminal moraines Martha's Vineyard Moraine Present land Nantucket Cape Cod

58. Fig. 12-27, p. 334

59. Fig. 12-28a-c, p. 335

60. Fringing reef Barrier reefAtoll abc

61. Fig. 12-28d, p. 335

62. Fig. 12-29, p. 336

63. Fig. 12-30, p. 337

64. a Drowned river mouthb fjord c Bar-built d Tectonic Mainland Lagoon Barrier islands Ocean

65. Fig. 12-31, p. 338

66. River Seawater a Salt wedge

67. Fig. 12-31, p. 338 River Seawater b Well-mixed

68. Fig. 12-31, p. 338 River Seawater c Partially mixed

69. Fig. 12-31, p. 338 River Seawater d Fjord

70. Fig. 12-32, p. 338

71. Latitude 38.0 24.00 0.00 Longitude –76.0

72. Fig. 12-33, p. 339

73. Fig. 12-34, p. 340

74. Fig. 12-35a, p. 341

75. Fig. 12-35b, p. 341

76. Fig. 12-36, p. 342

77. (a) Groin Groins are structures that extend from the beach into the water. They help counter erosion by trapping sand from the current. Groins accumulate sand on their updrift side, but erosion is worse on the downdrift side, which is deprived of sand. Current (b) Seawall Seawalls protect property temporarily, but they also increase beach erosion by deflecting wave energy onto the sand in front of and beside them. High waves can wash over seawalls and destroy them and property. (c) Importing sand Importing sand to a beach is considered the best response to erosion. The new sand often is dredged from offshore, can cost tens of millions of dollars, and can disturb aquatic biodiversity. Because it is often finer than beach sand, dredged sand erodes more quickly.

78. Fig. 12-36, p. 342 (a) Groin Groins are structures that extend from the beach into the water. They help counter erosion by trapping sand from the current. Groins accumulate sand on their updrift side, but erosion is worse on the downdrift side, which is deprived of sand. Current (b) Seawall Seawalls protect property temporarily, but they also increase beach erosion by deflecting wave energy onto the sand in front of and beside them. High waves can wash over seawalls and destroy them and property. (c) Importing sand Importing sand to a beach is considered the best response to erosion. The new sand often is dredged from offshore, can cost tens of millions of dollars, and can disturb aquatic biodiversity. Because it is often finer than beach sand, dredged sand erodes more quickly. Stepped Art

79. Fig. 12-37, p. 342

80. Fig. 12-38, p. 343

81. Alaska region Great Lakes region 28 66 North Pacific region 13 10 13 91 14 North Atlantic region 5 713 90 California region 81 80 39 Hawai’i region Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (included in South Atlantic – Gulf region) Percent stable Texas Gulf region 18 2 Percent noncritical erosion Lower Mississippi region Percent critical erosion 86 80 South Atlantic – Gulf region 6 74 88 72 10 4