1. Games

2. The Turk

3. Built by Wolfgang von Kempelen (1734 – 1804).

4. The Turk Constructed and unveiled in 1770 to impress the Austro- Hungarian Empress Marie-Theresa. Toured Europe and America for 85 years. Destroyed by fire in 1852. The secret unveiled in 1857 (some question about this).

5. How It Might Have Been Presented Victorian Cut-Out Theatre #6: A Singularity of Mind

6. Watching It Play http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdT4yG8wczQ&feature=related

7. How Did It Work?

8. The Turk How it worked: Exploited: Levers Magnets A candle

9. The Turk Still fascinates people.

10. A Modern Reconstruction Built by John Gaughan. First displayed in 1989. Controlled by a computer. Uses the Turk’s original chess board.

11. Recall: How Hard Is Chess? The 20 legal initial moves

12. Searching for the Best Move A B C D E F G H I J K L M (8) (-6) (0) (0) (2) (5) (-4) (10) (5)

13. How Much Computation Does it Take? Middle game branching factor: about 35. Typical game may be about 80 ply (one move for each player) 35 80  3  10 123 Number of seconds since Big Bang:  3  10 17

14. How Much Computation Does it Take? Middle game branching factor: about 35 Lookahead required to play master level chess: about 8 35 8  2  10 12 Number of seconds since Big Bang:  3  10 17 Number of sequential games since Big Bang: 150,000

15. So Could Turk Have Been Real?

16. http://www.clockwork-comics.com/2011/03/01/lost_at_sea/

17. Ambrose Bierce 1842 – 1914?

18. The Devil’s Dictionary Bore –A person who talks when you wish him to listen. Cannon –An instrument employed in the rectification of national boundaries. Cat –A soft indestructible automaton provided by Nature to be kicked when things go wrong in the domestic circle.

19. Moxon’s Master 'Consciousness is the creature of Rhythm.' http://www.sff.net/people/doylemacdonald/l_moxon.htm

20. Edgar Alan Poe A replica is reburied in 2009. http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Weekend/edgar-allan-poe-proper-burial- 160-years/story?id=8799941 “MAELZEL'S CHESS-PLAYER” Southern Literary Magazine, 1836 http://www.eapoe.org/works/ESSAYS/MAELZEL.HTM

21. From Poe’s Article But it is needless to dwell upon this point. It is quite certain that the operations of the Automaton are regulated by mind, and by nothing else. Indeed this matter is susceptible of a mathematical demonstration, a priori. The only question then is of the manner in which human agency is brought to bear.

22. From Poe’s Article The Automaton does not invariably win the game. Were the machine a pure machine this would not be the case — it would always win. The principle being discovered by which a machine can be made to play a game of chess, an extension of the same principle would enable it to win a game — a farther extension would enable it to win all games — that is, to beat any possible game of an antagonist. A little consideration will convince any one that the difficulty of making a machine beat all games, is not in the least degree greater, as regards the principle of the operations necessary, than that of making it beat a single game.

23. Games as an Early Target of AI 1950Claude Shannon published a paper describing how a computer could play chess 1952-1962 Art Samuel built the first checkers program 1957Newell and Simon predicted that a computer will beat a human at chess within 10 years (unless barred) 1967MacHack was good enough to achieve a class-C rating in tournament chess. 1994Chinook became the world checkers championChinook 1997Deep Blue beat Kasparpov 2007Checkers is solved AI in Role Playing Games – now we need knowledge

24. Chess Machines Ken Thompson’s Belle computer searched about 180,000 positions per second (the super-computers at the time were doing 5000 positions) and could go 8 – 9 ply in tournament games, which enabled it to play in the master category. It won the world computer chess championship and all other computer tournaments from 1980 to 1983, until it was superseded by giant Cray X-MPs costing a thousand times more.

25. Chess Today In 1997, Deep Blue beat Garry Kasparov.

26. Does This Mean It’s Curtains for Humans? Special purpose hardware. Each chip is capable of processing two to three million positions per second. By using over 200 of these chips the overall speed of the program could be raised to 200 million (2  10 8 ) positions per second.

27. Does This Mean It’s Curtains for Humans? Special purpose hardware. How much do you need to know to play chess? Each chip is capable of processing two to three million positions per second. By using over 200 of these chips the overall speed of the program could be raised to 200 million (2  10 8 ) positions per second.

28. Chess Knowledge The rules generate nodes. A heuristic function evaluates them.

29. Man vs Machine http://spectrum.ieee.org/slideshow/computing/software/how-computer-chess-changed- programming/?utm_source=techalert&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=101111

30. REEM-A http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction- News.asp?NewsNum=1212

31. You Can Play Anytime http://www.caissa.com/

32. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2007360/ A 2013 movie set in the 1980’s. Set over the course of a weekend tournament for chess software programmers thirty-some years ago, Computer Chess transports viewers to a nostalgic moment when the contest between technology and the human spirit seemed a little more up for grabs.

33. Checkers

34. Samuel’s Program Learned and Improved Suppose we have evaluated A down 8 moves. We back up the score and remember it. Now what happens if A shows up at a leaf node at some later time?

35. Checkers About 500 billion billion moves later, checkers is solved: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5844/1518 5  10 20 possible positions

36. Go A standard board is: 19 x 19 with 361 intersections

37. Go An average of about 240 moves to consider. A 20 ply search would look at 4  10 47 positions. (Recall: 3  10 17 seconds since Big Bang.) http://www.cosumi.net/en/

38. Go Monte Carlo methods in MoGo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Go#Monte- Carlo_methods

39. Monte Carlo Methods

40. A Monte Carlo Example http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fCVxTTAtFQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fCVxTTAtFQ Intro, then skip to 6:36

41. Does This Mean It’s Curtains for Humans?

42. Rubik’s Cube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcZw7VoD8FM&feature=player_embedded#http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcZw7VoD8FM&feature=player_embedded#!