1. Administrative Law Research West’s Instructional Aids Series

2. Contents Introduction: The Role of Agencies Federal Register Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Federal Administrative (Agency) Decisions

3. Introduction: The Role of Agencies Contents

4. Three Sources of the Law Legislative Judicial Executive –President –Cabinet –Administrative Agencies are established by legislatures, agencies and are usually organized under the executive branch of government, often associated with a Cabinet position conduct legislative, executive, and judicial types of activities exist on both federal and state levels (We will use the federal system as the paradigm for state agencies.) Introduction

5. Examples of executive branch agencies are the –Environmental Protection Agency –Department of Transportation –Federal Reserve Board –Department of Agriculture –United States Postal Service –Department of Veterans’ Affairs –Federal Aviation Administration Because of the scope of Congressional delegation of authority, each agency is unique in its structure, its personnel, and the nature of its regulations. Unless talking about a specific agency, administrative agencies’ regulations and decisions must be discussed in broad generalizations. Introduction

6. Independent Administrative Agencies: The Fourth Branch of Government? There are also agencies that are created by Congress as part of the executive branch but are not under the direct control of the president. Many of these are independent regulatory commissions. The president appoints, but cannot remove commissioners except for causes specified under the enabling statute. These agencies are often called the “headless fourth branch” of government. Introduction

7. Examples of regulatory commissions are the –Civil Aeronautics Board –Equal Employment Opportunity Commission –Federal Trade Commission –National Labor Relations Board –Nuclear Regulatory Commission –Securities and Exchange Commission –Federal Energy Regulatory Commission –Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation –Federal Communications Commission Introduction

8. An administrative agency may be called a –Board National Labor Relations Board –Commission Federal Communications Commission –Corporation Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation –Authority Tennessee Valley Authority –Department Department of Transportation –Administration Social Security Administration –Agency Environmental Protection Agency Introduction

9. Role of Administrative Agencies Legislative: Granted rulemaking authority –Congress delegates authority to promulgate regulations to administrative agencies Enact enabling statutes Establish the scope of agency authority –Presidential Executive Order may also delegate authority to promulgate regulations to administrative agencies. Judicial: Congress may also grant power to hear and settle disputes arising from the regulation or the enabling statute. Executive: Congress may also grant power to investigate and prosecute violators of regulations. Introduction

10. Role of Administrative Agencies The Securities and Exchange Commission is an example of an agency with powers similar to those of all three branches of government –Legislative: promulgates regulations governing what information must be given to investors. –Judicial: conducts hearings to determine guilt and mete out punishment to violators of these regulations. –Executive: enforces these regulations by prosecuting violators by disciplinary actions and stop orders. Introduction

11. Role of Administrative Agencies Outcomes of agency actions include –Rules or regulations (the two words are used interchangeably), which have the same effect as statutes –Licenses, which include permits, certificates, other types of permission –Advisory opinions, which are authoritative interpretations of statutes and regulation but are not binding –Orders, which are the final disposition of any agency action, other than rulemaking –Decisions, which adjudicate controversies arising out of the interpretation of statutes or regulations; they are issued in the same manner as court decisions Introduction

12. STATUTES Passed by Congress Provide for broad social and economic goals and legal requirements Get their power from the Constitution Reviewed by courts for constitutionality Representative democracy- Congress acts to represent the will of the people REGULATIONS Issued by agencies Get their power from Congress Prescribe specific legal requirements to meet congressional goals Reviewed by courts to determine constitutionality, limits of delegated authority, and whether they are arbitrary and capricious Participatory democracy – agencies must seek and consider public comment Comparison of the Roles of Statutes and Regulations Introduction

13. The Process of Promulgating Regulations (Rulemaking) The initiative behind promulgation of a new regulation or a change in a regulation can originate from many sources, including –legislation that delegates authority –congressional hearings and reports –court orders –Executive Orders and Office of Management and Budget Circulars –agency acting on its own initiative –emergency situations, technological developments, etc. –political pressures –Federal Advisory Committee recommendations –petitions and informal requests from affected parties Introduction

14. Rulemaking Process Regulation is proposed Office of Management and Budget reviews under Executive Order 12866 Proposed rule is published in the Federal Register Public comment is invited Office of Management and Budget re-reviews regulation Final regulation published in the Federal Register Introduction

15. Rulemaking Process Final regulation published in the Federal Register –Responds to comment –Amends Code of Federal Regulations –Sets effective date 30-day minimum for most regulations 60-day minimum for major regulations No minimum for good cause Agency may delay or withdraw regulation before it becomes effective Agency submits regulation to Congress and Government Accounting Office, which can nullify the regulation Regulation is placed in Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Introduction

16. Public Law (Enabling Statute) Federal Register Proposed Regulation Federal Register Final Regulation Code of Federal Regulations Congress Agency Executive Order Delegated Authority Congressional Oversight Judicial Review Delegated Authority Introduction Public Comment President

17. Federal Register Contents

18. Background Federal legislation in the 1930s began addressing numerous economic and social problems. Federal agencies were created to formulate the regulations that were to implement congressional intent. The public needed notice of the regulations that would help govern their lives as these new regulations went into effect. Courts began to rule that these “secret laws” were a violation of right of due process under the Constitution. A centralized filing and publication system was needed. Federal Register

19. The Federal Register Act The Federal Register Act was enacted July 26, 1935. The Federal Register Act is codified in Title 44, Chapter 15, of the United States Code Annotated ® (USCA ® ). It provides for a daily Federal Register to publish executive agency regulations and notices and presidential documents. The act was amended in 1937 to create Code of Federal Regulations, which arranges the regulations by government agency. Federal Register

20. Publication in the Federal Register –Provides official notice of a regulation’s existence, contents, and legal effect (constructive notice) –Establishes the Federal Register text as true copy of original signed document –Specifies the legal authority of the agency –Gives regulations evidentiary status so they are admissible in court –Shows how and why the Code of Federal Regulations will be amended Federal Register

21. The Administrative Procedure Act The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) was enacted June 11, 1946. The APA is codified in Title 5 of the USCA, sections 551, et seq. The APA provides that due process and public participation requirements must be met in the promulgation of a new regulation as published in the Federal Register. Federal Register

22. The Administrative Procedure Act Due process and public participation requirements –Must give notice of proposed rule –Must take public comments and respond in final rule –Regulations cannot be enforced if not published in the Federal Register –Regulations cannot be effective until 30 days after publication –Must publish statements of the organization and procedure for whom to contact for comment in the agency –Must state the legal basis and purpose of the regulation Federal Register

23. Published every week-day, except on federal holidays All daily issues from a year constitute a single volume with consecutive pagination throughout the year A single issue contains about 300 pages Annual volumes of the Federal Register can exceed 60,000 pages Contents are required to be judicially noticed by 44 USCA 1507 Federal Register

24. In Each Issue of the Federal Register Table of Contents CFR Parts Affected section Presidential Proclamations, Executive Orders, Reorganization Plans, and Administrative Orders Agency Final Rules, Proposed Rules and Notices. Sunshine Act Meeting notices Unified Agenda of Federal Regulations Reader Aids Federal Register

25. Order of Material in Each Issue of the Federal Register Presidential documents (Executive Orders, proclamations, and other documents) Rules and regulations (having legal effect) Proposed rules and regulations (text as well as regulatory agendas and notices of hearings) Notices (announcements of application deadlines or license revocations) Notices of Sunshine Act meetings Federal Register

26. Presidential Documents Published in the Federal Register Executive Orders must be published in the Federal Register –Direct agencies to manage operations –Numbered consecutively –Reprinted annually in 3 CFR but not codified Proclamations must be published in the Federal Register –Ceremonial proclamations that recognize special occasions –Substantive proclamations that relate to international trade, export controls, tariffs, or reservation of federal lands –Reprinted annually in 3 CFR but not codified Administrative Orders and miscellaneous documents’ publication is optional Federal Register

27. Executive Orders can be retrieved using the Find command. For example, access the Find service and enter EO 12866 Note that this Executive Order is included in the Federal Register (FR) database on Westlaw ®. Executive Orders are also included in the Presidential Documents (PRES) database on Westlaw. Federal Register

28. Table of Contents The Table of Contents is arranged by agency name. The Table of Contents lists regulations (rules), proposed regulations (rules), and notices. Federal Register Flightcrew compartment Federal Aviation Administration

29. CFR Parts Affected in This Issue CFR Parts Affected in This Issue lists document in numerical order by CFR title and part Appears at the front of each print issue after the Table of Contents Indicates whether documents affecting CFR parts are regulations or proposed regulations Cites the page numbers where relevant documents begin Federal Register p.2112

30. The Final Rule (regulation) as published in the Federal Register on January 15, 2002, and amending, among other regulations, 14 CRR 121.313 USCA Authority Action & Summary 121.313(f) p. 2112 14 CFR Part 121

31. Reader Aids Reader Aids section is located at the back of each daily Federal Register print issue. Contains information on recent regulatory activity and new laws Includes –CFR parts affected during the current month –Reminders of regulations going into effect on the current day and comments due next week –List of recently enacted public laws –CFR customer service numbers and addresses Federal Register 14 CFR 121 Reader Aids

32. Finding Documents in Past Federal Register Issues; Indexes Federal Register Index –issued quarterly –annual cumulative issue Central Index System (CIS) Federal Register Index Use the Federal Register indexes to find regulations that were issued after the date of the most recent volume of the Code of Federal Regulations for that agency Daily Federal Register Index to CFR Parts Affected during the current month Federal Register

33. Print Index This is the cumulative annual Federal Register Index for 2001 There were 67,702 pages published in daily Federal Register issues in 2001. There are many Federal Aviation Agency actions listed in this index, but the final regulation published on January 15, 2002, concerning flightcrew compartment doors will be in the 2002 issues of the index. Pages Federal Register Federal Aviation Administration

34. Finding Documents in Past Federal Register Issues LSA LSA (List of CFR Sections Affected) –Printed each month –Keyed to CFR parts and sections –Online at www.access.gpo.gov/nara/lsa/aboutlsa.htmlwww.access.gpo.gov/nara/lsa/aboutlsa.html Title 14 121.313 Federal Register

35. Final Rule as published in the Federal Register on January 15, 2002, and amending, among other regulations, 14 CFR 121.313. USCA Authority Action and Summary 121.313(f) Federal Register

36. Finding Documents in the Federal Register Database (FR) on Westlaw Use a Find request when you know issue and page number of a Federal Register document Westlaw searches in the FR database –Natural Language searching works well. –Use Terms and Connectors field searches when you need to retrieve a specific document(s) or have specific criteria as to agency and nature of document. Federal Register issues go online the same day that they appear in print. Westlaw coverage in FR begins with July, 1980. Federal Register

37. To retrieve a Federal Register document with a known citation, access the Find service and enter 67 fr 2112-01. Find Federal Register Citation

38. The first page of the first document retrieved The best portion of that document This is the same rule as found using the print index. Finding Documents with a Westlaw Natural Language Search Database: FR (Federal Register) Search: security to strengthen flight-crew doors in airplanes Federal Register Best

39. Terms and Connectors Other ways to retrieve the same update to a CFR part –Database: FR –Terms & Connectors search: pr(14 & “part 121”) & flight-crew /s door /p 121. 313 Federal Register Title & Part Nos. Section No.

40. To find recently proposed regulations (rule) by an agency –Database: FR –Search: pr(“aviation administration” & proposed /4 rule) & flight-crew /s door & da(aft 2002) Federal Register

41. Other Tips for Searching the Federal Register (FR) Database on Westlaw The Unified Agenda compiles agendas prepared semi- annually by Cabinet departments, other executive agencies and independent agencies. Each agenda includes regulations to be reviewed in the upcoming year and regulatory activity completed in the past year. To retrieve a Unified Agenda from a specific agency: –pr(“unified agenda” & “aviation administration”) Federal Register

42. Other Tips for Searching the Federal Register (FR) Database on Westlaw Useful Fields The prelim field (PR) contains the type of document, the issuing agency and any sub-agency, docket numbers, affected portions of the CFR, and other preliminary materials The caption field (CA) contains the subject matter of the document The summary field (SU) contains a summary of the document, if available The image field (IM) is a browsable field that shows which images are available for offline printing Federal Register

43. Table of Contents on Westlaw The current date and the last three dates of the Table of Contents appears automatically when you access the Federal Register Table of Contents (FR-TOC) database on Westlaw. You can perform a word search for other dates’ Table of Contents by editing the search. –Database: FR-TOC (Federal Register Table of Contents) –Query: da(1/15/2002) & aviation –Documents are arranged as they are in the print Table of Contents. Federal Register

44. Database: FR Query: pr(14 /5 part /5 121) Parts Affected on Westlaw The preliminary field of each document in the FR database on Westlaw references the CFR part(s) affected. Federal Register

45. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Contents

46. Code of Federal Regulations The regulations first published in the Federal Register on a daily basis are then codified in the Code of Federal Regulations. The regulations that are published chronologically in the Federal Register are codified and arranged by title, then by chapter (one agency’s regulations) and finally by subject in the CFR. The CFR is divided into 50 titles, just like the USCA –Some titles covering the same subjects are numbered the same in the CFR and in the USCA; others are not. Each title is divided into chapters, subchapters, parts, and sections. A regulation is cited by title, part, and section, e.g., 14 CFR 121.313 (Title 14, Part 121, Section 313). CFR

47. The soft-cover volumes of the CFR are issued each year in sets on a staggered, quarterly basis: –Titles 1– 6 are current through January 1 –Titles 17 – 27 are current through April 1 –Titles 29 – 41 are current through July 1 –Titles 42 – 50 are current through October 1 Each new set contains the text of all regulations in force as of the current through date. New regulations are merged with, and revoked regulations are deleted from, the previous set of regulations. The color of each set of volumes is changed every year; a current full set may contain different colored volumes, depending on the time of the year. Title 3, which contains Presidential Proclamations and Executive Orders, is always white. CFR

48. Research Tools in Each Volume of the CFR Table of Contents listing all material within the book: titles, subtitles, chapters, subchapter(s), parts, and sections –Subtitles are referenced to page numbers Material Approved for Incorporation by Reference,which is regulatory material not published in the Federal Register or CFR –Has force of law as if it were published in the Federal Register and CFR – Mostly technical standards, state law, and regulations Table of CFR Titles and Chapters Redesignation Tables to help trace new location of parts and sections of a regulation List of CFR Sections Affected in the volume CFR

49. Table of Contents At the beginning of each print issue Documents are listed by agencies in alphabetical order –Cross-referenced from Cabinet departments to subordinate agencies –Each agency document is arranged by category Rules Proposed Rules Notices Presidential documents are arranged as follows: –Executive Orders –Proclamations –Determinations/Memoranda CFR

50. CFR titles are broken down by Chapter, Subchapter, and Part. Immediately preceding each part is a Table of Contents for the individual regulations contained within that part. CFR 121.313 Table of Contents Title 14 Chapter 1 Parts 60-139 Subchapter D Part 121

51. Regulation 121.313 Paragraph (f) discusses requirements for the door to the flight-crew compartment. Paragraph f CFR Title 14 Parts 60-139 121.313

52. Material Approved for Incorporation by Reference is regulatory material not published in the Federal Register or CFR –Has force of law as if were published in the Federal Register and CFR – Mostly technical standards, state law, and regulations CFR Material Approved for Incorporation by Reference Title 14 Parts 60-139

53. Table of CFR Titles and Chapters Redesignation Tables to help trace new location of parts and sections of a regulation CFR Table of CFR Titles and Chapters Redesignation Table Title 14 Parts 60-139

54. List of CFR Sections Affected in each volume indicates the type of change that was made. CFR List of CFR Sections Affected Title 14 Parts 60-139

55. Access to the CFR: Index and Finding Aids CFR Index and Finding Aids is single volume –Revised annually –Index with subject entries and agency names in one listing Since 1980, a thesaurus has assured that all agencies use the same terminology for subject headings –Parallel Table of Authorities and Rules –List of Agency-Prepared Indexes Appearing in Individual CFR Volumes CFR Index

56. Subject entries and agency names are in one listing Access by subject or agency References CFR title and part numbers, not individual regulations CFR Index Index and Finding Aids Volume Index 14 CFR 121

57. The List of Agency-Prepared Indexes provides information on how to locate agency indexes in various CFR volumes. The Parallel Table of Authorities shows where regulations promulgated under statute or Executive Order have been placed in the CFR. CFR Index Index and Finding Aids Volume List of Agency-Prepared Indexes Appearing in Individual CFR Volumes USCA Authorities

58. The list of CFR Titles, Chapters, Subchapters, and Parts provides an outline of the CFR organization. CFR Index List of CFR Titles, Chapters, Subchapters, and Parts 14 CFR 121 Index and Finding Aids Volume

59. CFR Index The Alphabetical List of Agencies Appearing in the CFR is another means of accessing the regulations. Alphabetical List of Agencies Appearing in the CFR Index and Finding Aids Volume

60. Updating Regulations in Print LSA: List of CFR Sections Affected –Issued monthly –Indicates final and proposed changes made since the last publication of the CFR set CFR Parts Affected –In each volume of the Code of Federal Regulations –Incorporated in the cumulative list in the Reader Aids section CFR Parts Affected in this Issue –In each daily issue of the Federal Register CFR

61. The Code of Federal Regulations Database (CFR) on Westlaw The CFR database includes all 50 titles. The database incorporates all but the most recent changes to the Code of Federal Regulations. There is an approximately two-week lag between publication of the Final Rule in the Federal Register and incorporation into the CFR database. Historical CFR databases date back to 1984. –Database identifiers are CFR01, CFR00, CFR99, etc. CFR

62. Westlaw CFR Searches If you know the citation of a CFR section –Access the Find service –Enter: 14 CFR 121.313 CFR

63. Westlaw CFR Searches Natural Language: –Database: CFR –Search: security to strengthen flight-crew doors in airplanes CFR Best

64. The CFR on Westlaw Useful fields The prelim field (PR) contains the CFR title and other headings that precede the caption The caption field (CA) contains the CFR section number and heading The notes field (NO) contains editorial and effective date notes The credit field (CR) contains USCA authority and Federal Register source notes CFR

65. Terms and Connector searches in CFR –To retrieve all documents within a specific title and part pr(“title 14” & “part 121”) –To retrieve all documents discussing a particular topic within a particular title pr(“title 14”) & flight-crew pilot /s door pr(“aviation administration”) & flight-crew /s door –To retrieve all documents discussing a particular regulation pr(“title 14”) & 121.313 pr(“title 14”) & 121.313(f) CFR

66. Table of Contents for the CFR Database When viewing a regulation, click the Table of Contents link on the Links for tab in the left frame. The Table of Contents opens to the regulation you are viewing in the right frame. You can expand or collapse any division in the Table of Contents. CFR Links for TOC 121.583

67. Documents in Sequence Select the Documents in Sequence command under Tools at the bottom of the right frame. Docs in Seq arrows allow you to move from regulation to regulation as if paging through the print regulations. Docs in Seq CFR Tools Documents in Sequence

68. Updating CFR Regulations on Westlaw to Section And Paragraph Number in FR Database Database: FR Search: pr(“14 cfr”) & 121.313(f) “14 CFR” is in the prelim field. The part number is also in the prelim field but, because it is built into the section number, there is no reason to include it in the query. CFR

69. KeyCite ® Results for the CFR KeyCite History for the CFR –Shows recent changes to a regulation –Shows history of the regulation KeyCite Citing References lists the cases and secondary sources that have cited a CFR section. CFR KeyCite History Citing References Recent Update

70. Federal Administrative (Agency) Decisions Contents

71. Decisions of Administrative Bodies Decisions of agencies can broadly be classified as Advisory opinions –not binding –authoritative interpretations of statutes and regulations that indicate agency policy and expectations Informal Adjudications –governed by special statutory requirements or agency’s own regulations –due process concerns apply –discretionary –generally not reviewable by a court –conducted by presiding officers and not by independent Administrative Law Judges (ALJ) Administrative Decisions

72. Formal Agency Decisions Formal Adjudications: Quasi-judicial decisions –adjudicate disputes arising out of the interpretation or violation of enabling statutes or regulations –reported much as case law is –usually delivered in written format –the role of the court is often performed by an independent Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) or agency commissioner(s). –proceedings are usually fact-finding inquiries into how regulations apply to a particular situation –agencies are not strictly bound by prior decisions but the decisions have precedential value so attorneys who practice before an agency can use the decisions as an important primary source of the law. Administrative Decisions

73. Formal Decisions Publication of Decisions Official versions are available in most law and university libraries that are official depositories of the U.S. Government Printing Office Usually issued first as a slip opinion or advance sheet Many agencies eventually bind their decisions in permanently numbered volumes Some agencies publish only in pamphlet format, or only on microfiche In any format, most decisions have some sort of finding aids, such as an index, table of cases, or tables of statutes or regulations cited Administrative Decisions

74. Official decisions of the Federal Power Commission and the Federal Trade Commission published by the United States Printing Office.

75. Formal Decisions Publication of decisions Unofficial versions are reproduced in looseleaf services, sometimes with sequentially numbered bound volumes. Unofficial versions tend to be far more current and better indexed than the official decisions. Unofficial versions are also placed on Westlaw. Westlaw contains the decisions of many federal and state agencies, including; –Federal Communications Commission, Federal Labor and Employment Commission, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Internal Revenue Service, Interstate Commerce Commission, National Mediation Board, Federal Trade Commission, Federal Maritime Commission, Department of the Interior, Attorney General, and Department of Agriculture. Administrative Decisions

76. Unofficial decisions of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission as published by CCH Administrative Decisions

77. Finding an Agency Decision Each agency has its own method of indexing decisions so few generalizations can be made. –Official versions are usually more poorly indexed and slower to be indexed than unofficial versions –Individual volumes may have finding aids, such as a table of contents, a table of cases reported, a list of opinions/decisions/orders, an index by type of action, a topical index, or an index-digest. –Some sets of decisions may have finding aids, such as an index or digest for the set. Secondary sources, such as the American Law Reports or law review articles, often discuss agency decisions in the context of discussing a court case or a statute. Administrative Decisions

78. Finding an Agency Decision on Westlaw Westlaw is probably the fastest way for an attorney who does not regularly practice before a particular agency to find a decision or decisions that discuss a particular topic. Database: TP-ALL (All Law Reviews and Bar Journals) Query: f.c.c. f.c.c.r. /10 decision /p merger re-organization /p radio television At least one of the 31 documents retrieved with the above search cites to decisions of the Federal Communications Commission Administrative Decisions

79. KeyCite lists federal administrative decisions that have been cited in court cases Click the Citing References link. Click the Limit KeyCite Display button at bottom of screen. Deselect all but Administrative Decisions check box. Click Apply. Administrative Decisions Limit KeyCite Display Apply Admin. Dec.

80. Finding Orders and Decisions on Westlaw When you know the document’s citation, access the Find service and type –16 F.C.C.R. 16087 –32 FCC 2d 360 When you know the parties name and the database identifier –Database: FCOM-FCC –Search: ti(nynex & “new england”) When you know the fact pattern, specific proper names, or unique terms –Database: FCOM-FCC –“captain kangaroo” /p child /s programming schedul! When you want to retrieve documents that discuss an issue –Database: FCOM-FCC Search: Natural Language misleading (deceptive false) advertising vitamins Administrative Decisions

81. Updating an Agency Decision Precedent might not have as strong a role in updating an administrative decision as it would in case law but you still need to know –Whether judicial review has overturned an agency decision –Whether later agency decisions have disapproved of the decision – the agency’s position on a particular issue Administrative Decisions

82. It is possible to retrieve KeyCite History results for the decisions of some agencies. See the above decision of the Federal Communications Commission. It was vacated, in part. Updating an Agency Decision Administrative Decisions History Vacated in Part Decision in Question

83. A Partial List of Agencies Whose Decisions Can be Updated in KeyCite Board of Immigration Appeals Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Environmental Protection Agency Federal Commerce Commission Federal Communications Commission Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Federal Government Contracts Board Federal Securities and Exchange Commission Internal Revenue Service (rulings and memoranda) National Labor Relations Board Office of Comptroller General Patent Office Public Utility Reports Tax Court Administrative Decisions

84. Updating Using Westlaw as a Citator Access a database containing case law, administrative law, analytical materials, or any other type of material that might contain a discussion of the administrative decision. Devise a Terms and Connectors search that will include some of the essential items in the citation of the decision within a few words or the same sentence of the party or agency name. –Database: FENV-EPA –Query: “asbestos removal” /s e.a.d. Administrative Decisions

85. Judicial Review of Agency Decisions Once an Administrative Law Judge has issued a decision, that decision can usually be appealed to a higher entity within the agency. Those appealing an agency decision must usually exhaust agency remedies before moving the action to a federal court. The final agency decision can usually be appealed –to a federal court of appeals if Congress has provided an appeals process –to the federal district court if no provision for appeal has been specified Administrative Decisions

86. Judicial Review of Agency Decisions The appeal of these decisions can be found in the Supreme Court Reporter ®, the Federal Reporter ®, and the Federal Supplement ® in print and in the corresponding databases on Westlaw: –Supreme Court cases are in the SCT database –Federal Reporter cases are in the CTA database –Federal Supplement cases are in the DCT database Summaries of these cases can be found in West’s Federal Practice Digests ®, and the United States Supreme Court Digest ® –SCT-HN, CTA-HN, and DCT-HN are the corresponding databases on Westlaw. Administrative Decisions

87. Judicial Review of Administrative Decisions: Common Issues Constitutionality Agency acted outside the scope of delegated authority Procedural due process violations Arbitrary and capricious decision Abuse of agency discretion Separation of powers When original jurisdiction can be granted to the United States District Court Interpretation of the language of the enabling statute or regulation Administrative Decisions

88. When Federal District Court has Original Jurisdiction over Agency Matter When an agency is the plaintiff (See 28 USCA 1345) When there is a federal question (See 28 USCA 1331) When there is a mandamus action to compel an agency to perform a duty owed to plaintiff When there is a specific statute authorizing original jurisdiction in the federal district court Some examples of matters of original jurisdiction for the district court –What constitutes an interpretive rule –Agency compliance with Sunshine Act –Exhaustion of remedies under Privacy Act –What constitutes agency “action”, “order,” decision,” final order,” or “final decision” within meaning of statute authorizing judicial review Administrative Decisions

89. Judicial Review To Court of Appeals if statute provides for appeal To District Court if there is no provision for appeal Decision by Presiding Officer, Commissioner, or ALJ Appeal to higher entity within the Agency: Exhaustion of Agency Remedies Original Jurisdiction by District Court By statute Agency is plaintiff Federal question Mandamus action AGENCY ACTIONS COURT ACTIONS CONTROVERSY

90. If you are unfamiliar with administrative law research, call the Westlaw Reference Attorneys. They are: –available 24 hours a day, seven days a week –available to help you at no charge –licensed attorneys –fully experienced Westlaw users –a knowledgeable and friendly research resource 1-800-850-WEST 1-800-850-9378