1. Fossil Fuels Geoffrey Thyne Enhanced Oil Recovery Institute University of Wyoming

2. Energy Sources  Fossil fuels  Nuclear  Solar  Wind  Efficiency

3. In 1999, with less than 5 % of the world's population, the US generated 30 % of the world's GDP (Gross Domestic Product), consumed 25 % of the world's energy, and emitted 25 % of the world's carbon dioxide." World Energy Demand

4. From John Lavelle – GE Gasification

6. Energy Density

7. Energy Payback

8. Modern Civilization

9. US Energy Sources and Sinks  http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec1_3.pdf

10. Demand for Energy Will Continue to Rise Oil and gas provide about two-thirds of energy consumed Quadrillion Btu Year DOE EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2004, Figure 2 Oil 40% Gas 24%

11. Fossil Fuels  Oil – liquid hydrocarbon phase formed during burial between 70 and 120C from kerogen.  Natural Gas – hydrocarbons that are gaseous at earth surface conditions (C1-C4) and formed by thermal degradation of kerogen or oil, or by microbial action near surface.  Coal – Solid phase hydrocarbon formed from organic matter deposited in fresh water shallow environments (swamps).

12. For electricity, America can become self- sufficient since 76% is generated domestically from US-based coal (50%), nuclear (19%) and hydro-power (7%).

13. Fossil Fuel Formation  Formed from organic matter  Phytoplankton  Zooplankton  Bacteria  Land plants  The major components of this material includes proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and lignins (resins, waxes, spores, pollen, cell walls, etc.)

14. Petroleum Formation – Oil and Gas  Sufficient source requires high productivity zone  Concentration by depositional environment  Preservation by burial rate and oxygen content  Kerogen – functional definition for organic matter that has survived shallow burial  The carbohydrate-lipid portion of organic matter that is resistant to decay/oxidation  These resistant portions form organic condensate called kerogen  Burial and heating of kerogen produces oil and gas

15.  Most natural gas is used in home heating, electrical generation and petrochemical synthesis.  Almost all liquid petroleum (oil) is refined producing liquid and solid products.  Almost all liquids are used for transportation (gasoline and diesel). Liquid Fuels

16. Conventional Oil and Gas

17. World Oil Production

18. But - transportation (auto, truck, aircraft, military), plastics and food energy demands are nearly 100% dependent on oil

19. World Energy Reserves/Production

20. Enhanced Oil Recovery  Process that produces additional Oil from existing fields  All oil fields eventually stop producing oil  At that point between 40 to 60% of the original oil remains  Injection of CO 2, or surfactants (soap) remove additional amounts

22. Resource Triangle Conventional Reservoirs Small volumes that are easy to develop Unconventional Large volumes difficult to develop Improved technology Increased pricing

23. Production of Coal Bed Gas  Groundwater is removed from shallow coal beds to release natural gas (methane).  Production of water is much higher (10-100X) than traditional gas wells  (400 bbl. water = 100 MCF)  Capacity of traditional water disposal method (re-injection) is limited

24. Shale Gas

25. Coal  6.2 billion tons annually (global)  75% is burned to produce electricity  Distribution is fairly uniform on global scale

26. Coal  Formed when organic-rich sediments were buried to form peat  Further burial creates more carbon–rich forms  Lignite or brown coal, fuel only  Sub-bituminous, fuel  Bituminous, dense, black, fuel and coke  Anthracite, glossy black, heating

27. Coal  Complex system of with organic matter, C,H and O (85-95% by weight) called mascerals, inorganic material (aluminosilicates and pyrites – 5-15%) and pores (provide very high surface area).  H/C ratio of about 0.9 (half of petroleum), considered hydrogen deficient, contains S, N and metals.  High oxygen content, about 20%, 10X that of petroleum.

29. Used when coal is < 200 feet depth

30. Using Coal Coal Standard Pulverized Coal Plant Coal Gasification Electrical Generation Carbon Based Products IGCC Coal Plant Natural Gas Liquids Ammonia Fertilizer

31. Coal  Emissions of toxic products  Nitrogen produces nitric acid (HNO 3 ), NOX  Sulfur produces SO 2, sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), SOX  Major metal is mercury (Hg)  Produces Flyash as by-product of combustion

32. Using Coal  Large domestic resource  Infrastructure in place  Carbon tax will increase electricity costs  Will need “clean coal” – capture and dispose of C, N, S and Hg (Future Gen)

33. Questions?