1. Earthquakes are measured by 2 scales
Earthquakes are measured by 2 scales. One scale measures the DAMAGE an earthquake causes and the other measures the MAGNITUDE or size of an earthquake created by the seismic waves. The two most popular scales are called the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Intensity Scale.
The first is called the RICHTER SCALE. The Richter Scale measures the size or MAGNITUDE of an earthquake. It measures the maximum amplitude of the “S” waves created by an earthquake.
Each step is 10 times the magnitude and releases 30% more energy.

2. Earthquakes are measured by 2 scales
Earthquakes are measured by 2 scales. One scale measures the DAMAGE an earthquake causes and the other measures the MAGNITUDE or size of an earthquake created by the seismic waves. The two most popular scales are called the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Intensity Scale.
The other Scale is called the Mercalli Scale
The Mercalli Intensity Scale measures the DAMAGE done by an earthquake.
Why is this scale not as accurate as the Richter Scale?

3. What has happened here? Mercalli?

4. What has happened here? Mercalli?
Chino hills (30 miles from LA) 6.4 Ricther.

5. DAILY QUESTIONS #10
Name the “description” the “earthquake effects” and the “frequency” of a magnitude 7.3 earthquake.
Name the “description” the “earthquake effects” and the “frequency” of a magnitude 4.5 earthquake.
What would you expect to feel during a Mercalli scale rated Earthquake of a IV (4)?
What would you expect to feel during a Mercalli scale rated Earthquake of a X (10)?
Describe the motion of a raleigh wave.
Describe the motion of a love wave.
Put the following in order from fastest to slowest. Love wave, primary wave, secondary wave.
Please have a ½ sheet of paper out for your 8.2 quiz.

6. 8.2 Quiz
Get out a half sheet of paper for your quiz.
WRITE IN COMPLETE SENTENCES!!!!
Turn your paper over when you are finished.

7. 8.2 Quiz Define Surface waves
Which waves are faster P waves or S waves (complete sentence!)
What are instruments that used to measure earthquake waves?
According to the book, P waves are also called _________ waves.
Seismogram shows this type of wave(s)
P waves b) S waves c) surface waves d) All
Define S waves.
List the 2 categories of seismic waves.

8. LOCATIN’ THE SHAKIN’!!
Seismologists locate earthquakes by measuring the time between the P and S waves on a seismogram, produced by a seismoGRAPH.
After a seismograph "feels" an earthquake, scientists compare the time difference of these waves to figure out how far away the earthquake is.

9. EARTHQUAKES!
How do we calculate the magnitude (richter scale) of an earthquake?
Pieces of information needed:
Time (seconds) between when the P waves and S waves arrived. Called “LAG” time.
Amplitude of the tallest S wave, measured in millimeters.
ABILITY to read charts
C.O. – SWBAT understand the richter scale magnitude of Earthquakes and be able to locate Earthquakes using triangulation.
L.O. – SW practice how to read and calculate nomograms and triangulation.

10. DAILY QUESTIONS #11
How many seismographs do we need to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?
Describe how a convection oven is better than a regular oven.
What type of waves are P and
S waves? (not body/surface)
4. The map to the right shows the
Effects of an earthquake based off of
the Mercalli scale. Describe the
differences (damage) between the
4 zones shown.
5. What city was the closest to the
epicenter?
6. Why are 9’s so far away from the epicenter?

11. LOCATIN’ THE SHAKIN’!! Time between P and S waves =
Amplitude of the highest S wave =

12. LOCATIN’ THE SHAKIN’!!
Lag time converted to distance in km

13. LOCATIN’ THE SHAKIN’!!
Distance and amplitude gives us MAGNITUDE.

14. LOCATIN’ THE SHAKIN’!!
Because we know the relative speeds of earthquake waves, we can measure the time between the P and S waves to understand how far away the Earthquake occurred.

15. LOCATIN’ THE SHAKIN’!!
We then can measure the AMPLITUDE of the S wave to then calculate the magnitude of an earthquake wave.

16. LOCATIN’ THE SHAKIN’!!
It takes at least three seismographs to locate an earthquake’s epicenter.

17. One seismograph can only tell how far away it is from that seismograph.
By measuring the S-P wave times at 3 or more stations, these circles can be drawn around each station (seismograph) and where they meet indicates the earthquake location.

18. Today you will be calculating distance and the radius of circles of 3 overlapping seismograph stations.
READ THE DIRECTIONS!
USE cm DO NOT USE cm ON COMPASS!!
Color each set of circles the same color so you don’t get confused. I.E. EQ1 = blue.
FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS!
Hints on drawing circles.

19. Moment Magnitude Scale
LAB - Finding the Magnitude and Epicenter of an Earthquake
Richter Scale
Moment Magnitude Scale
#’s used
Easy to figure out
Energy Released per whole # on the scale (ex: from a 1 -2)
Energy released from a Mag. 3 to 4
Energy released from a Mag. 3 to 5
Energy released from a Mag. 6 to 7
Energy released from a Mag. 6 to 9
1-10
1-10
YES NO
Each step 10x greater
Each step is 32x greater
4 is 10x greater than 3
4 is 32x greater than 3
5 is 100x greater than 3
5 is 1024x greater than 3
7 is 10x greater than 6
7 is 32x greater than 6
9 is 1000x greater than 6
9 is 32,768x greater than 6

20. DAILY QUESTIONS #12
Use the following terms and place them in outline format. Choose the order you feel is the most logical. Use your notes and your group to discuss the best flowing outline. You may need to write your own descriptions.
P waves
Love waves I-IIV
Richter scale x10
Surface waves mercalli scale
Transverse waves
Damage
Types of earthquake waves
Raleigh waves
S waves
Body waves
Longitudinal waves
Magnitude
Example of outline format:
Main idea or theme
Sub-idea or theme
Another sub idea or theme
Second Sub idea
Etc..
Etc…
Another main idea or theme

21. Parts of a Seismogram Review
Amplitude
P waves
S waves

22. P S Interpreting the Seismogram Amp 0 s 49 s 49 s 285 mm
Eureka, CA;
P wave arrival = ____________
S-wave arrival = ____________
P-S wave interval in s = ___________
Amplitude = __________
0 s
49 s
49 s
285 mm P S

23. Now do the other 2 on your own
Interpreting the Seismogram
Now do the other 2 on your own
Elko, NV
Las Vegas, NV

24. Getting the Distance to the Epicenter
Eureka, CA = _____________km
Elko, NV = __________km
Las Vegas, NV = _________km
478
702
624
Getting the Distance to the Epicenter

25. Calculating the Magnitude using a Nomogram
Eureka, CA = _____________km
Elko, NV = __________km
Las Vegas, NV = _________km
478
702
624
Richter Magnitude = _________________
7.1

26. C.O. – Students will explore earthquake effects on the crust of the earth and the rock layers associated with it.
L.O. – Students will practice reading nonograms, seismograms and use them to compare the effects of earthquakes.

27. DAILY QUESTIONS #13
Please collect one of the half sheets from the front. These will need to be ATTACHED to your notebook (taped or glued in) by Monday. NO I do not have stuff you can borrow right now to do it. Use the 2 graphs to answer the following questions. You will be using these graphs many times so if you write on them, write lightly so you can erase and use over and over. These are for reference.
How far away is an EQ with an SP lag time of 55 seconds?
If an EQ happened 400 kilometers away, how long should I expect the lag time to be?
If an earthquake was 100 kilometers away and had an amplitude of 20mm, what would its estimated magnitude be?
If a seismogram had an S wave amplitude of 100mm and was a magnitude 5.0, estimate about how far it was away from that seismograph station.
An earthquake lag time was about 60 seconds. The S waves recorded had an amplitude of 5mm. What was the magnitude of that Earthquake?
A seismogram had an amplitude of 200mm and an estimated magnitude of 7.0. About how far away was that Earthquake and estimate about how long lag time between P and S waves would be.

28. Triangulating the Epicenter
Eureka, CA = _____________km
Elko, NV = __________km
Las Vegas, NV = _________km
478
702
624
500
600
700

29. Earthquake # 2
Now that you are an expert on finding the magnitude and epicenter of an earthquake, work to calculate both for our second earthquake.
This work and the lab questions will be due at the beginning of class tomorrow.

30. DAILY QUESTIONS #14
Describe a reason why it is very difficult to predict earthquakes.
Name the 2 types of earthquake waves
Which are body waves?
Which waves are Surface waves?
If a seismogram had an S wave amplitude of 80mm and was a magnitude 5.0, estimate about how far it was away from that seismograph station.
An earthquake lag time was about 50 seconds. The S waves recorded had an amplitude of 5mm. What was the magnitude of that Earthquake?
A seismogram had an amplitude of 100mm and an estimated magnitude of 6.0. About how far away was that Earthquake and estimate about how long lag time between P and S waves would be.

31. DAILY QUESTIONS #15
Based on the map and your mercalli scale, what is the highest level of destruction that happened here?
Use the Mercalli scale and the map to describe what 3 other cities felt.
3. What is the magnitude
of this earthquake?
4. When did this earthquake
occur?
5. Using your S-P chart
and your nomogram, figure
out the magnitude of an
Earthquake that was 60s
away from a seismograph
and had an amplitude of
100mm.

32. Homework calendars! Write this down… EQ location paper due tomorrow!
QUIZ on how to read an S-P lag time chart, and an earthquake nomogram chart to figure out distance, magnitude and amplitude of an earthquake.
Students should also know how to triangulate earthquakes.
C.O. – Students will understand how to read an S-P lag chart, an earthquake nomogram to calculate earthquake characteristics.
L.O. – Students will practice reading nomograms and S-P lag chart and use a compass to triangulate epicenters.

33. DAILY QUESTIONS #16
How far away is an earthquake if it took 35 seconds to get there?
If I have a lag time of 40 seconds, how far away did the earthquake occur.
How many seismographs do I need to find the epicenter of the earthquake?
How far is an earthquake away if it was 5.1 on the richter scale and had an amplitude of 100mm?
An earthquake had a magnitude of 7.0 and an amplitude of 500. How far away was the earthquake?
An earthquake occurred 200 km away with a magnitude of 5.9, what was its amplitude?
An earthquake occurred 60 km away and had an amplitude of 200 mm, what was its magnitude?

34. Earthquake quiz!
Please have only a pen and or a pencil on your desk. Everything else off. You will need either your ID card or a ruler, or something you can use to draw straight lines.

35. 9.1 (next left hand page)
Words: continental drift, pangaea, Mesosaurus,
Questions: 1-5
If you are not finished with your Earthquake paper, you can finish that now but it is due today.
If you are finished, your classwork for today is 9.1

36. Evidence for plate tectonics
Draw and
Describe the
Layers of the earth.

37. We live on egg shells
The earth is made up of many layers. Just like an Egg.
An egg has many layers

38. Responsible of MAGNETIC FIELD
Crust
Cold
THICK JELLY
Hot
HEAT!
Since the earth is not getting better, scientists believe that the earth recycles itself. It does this by convection currents.
Convection within Earth's mantle is the driving force for plate tectonics. There are actually two convection currents occuring within the Earth. The outer core has an extremely rapid convective turnover of fluid metals (primarily iron and nickel) which are responsible for the Earth's magnetic field. The movement of metals forms electrical currents, which in turn generate magnetic fields.
As heat from the inner and outer core heat the lower portion of the mantle, a second set of convective currents form. This mantle convection is extremely slow, as the mantle is a thick semi-solid with the consistency of a very thick paste. This slow convection can take millions of years to complete one cycle.
As the plates get subducted, or pushed under each other. There is tremendous heat and pressure, so much in fact that the rock melts. That magma rises to the surface and cools creating land.
Volcanos are created by subduction zones and hot spots. An example of this is the chain of hawaiian islands.
Convection Currents
LIQUID
HEAT!
HEAT!
HEAT!
SOLID
Responsible of MAGNETIC FIELD

39. Flash cards for quiz
You will be having a quiz on the following words tomorrow.
Please make the following words into flashcards so you can study them.
DO NOT GET THEM FROM THE BACK OF THE BOOK. The chapter and section of the book are listed next to the word, where you can find them.

40. Flash cards for quiz Crust (8.4) Mantle (8.4) Lithosphere (8.4)
Asthenosphere (8.4)
Moho (8.4)
Pangaea (9.1)
Mesosaurus (9.1)
Continental drift (9.1)

41. Evidence for plate tectonics
Describe, in your
own words, what
plate tectonics is
all about.
C.O. – Students will understand how the interior of the earth result in movement of tectonic plates.
L.O. – Students will practice read and discuss and take notes on the layers and tectonic plates

42. CAUSE – mantle convection EFFECT – moving plates