1. Hot cells and associated systems for the production of radiopharmaceuticals

2. To be familiar with the equipment, facilities and security systems, used in the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with positron emitters.
Identify the applicable radiation protection requirements.

3. Transfer from the cyclotron.
What is a hot cell?
Characteristics of hot cells.
Special features of hot minicells.
Synthesis modules.
FDG production.

4. Radiopharmacy (synthesis)
Transfer
Cyclotron
Hot Cells
Radiopharmacy (synthesis)
After the bombardment in the cyclotron, the radionuclide produced is immediately and automatically transferred to the hot cells located in the radiopharmacy laboratory.
It is performed through capillary tubes (eg Teflon and PEEK) through a pneumatic transfer gas push as, for example, He.

5. Characteristics of transfer lines:
Resistant to ionizing radiation.
Excellent strength, rigidity and stability in harsh environments and high temperatures.
Low friction coefficient and high wear resistance.
Chemically resistant and insoluble by common solvents.
Low particle generation and high purity to decrease the risk of contamination.

6. Transfer lines are placed in accessible underground ducts, in a depth between 30 to 40 cm and must be shielded (concrete slabs or several lead plates).
For small distances, transfer can take less than 2 minutes, including the time required to purge the line.
Transfer tubes emerge from the shield as close as possible to the destination (hot cell).
Transfer line for liquid target (18F)

12. Transfer lines are inserted, for protection, inside other connection tubes (semirigid) of larger diameter.
The high activities carried inside the tubes can cause degradation, enhancing activity absorption in its walls, so they have to be replaced periodically (depending on activity produced and the frequency of use).

13. Synthesis labs adjacent to the cyclotron bunker
The length of the transfer line must be as short as possible and in accordance with the regulations, so that:
It must be ensured a safe and quick transfer (ej: O15, T1/2 = 2.05 min).
A reduction in the losses of the activity on walls and the probability of damage in line (obstruction or rupture) is guaranteed.
The lines lenght as short as possible, as well as the associated costs with shielding.
Synthesis labs adjacent to the cyclotron bunker

17. ¿Qué es una celda caliente?
What is a hot cell?
A technological mean of defense, used to manipulate and process radioactive materials. They can be arranged in series, in blocks or individually.

18. Allow the manipulation and process of cyclotron produced radionuclides, using remote means and/or dispensing synthesis and modules (automatic or semiautomatic) that ensure higher safety and accuracy in radiochemical processing and fractionation.
Ensure the protection of operators, facilities and environment, to shield the high level of radiation and prevent the uncontrolled spread of radioactive contamination.
Guarantee, by applying the requirements of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals in an aseptic environment.

19. Structurally constituted by a steel frame supporting the shield
Structurally constituted by a steel frame supporting the shield. The cells have in their interior a watertight enclosure, made by stainless steel floor and PVC or acrylic walls.
Design based on the principle that the shielding is more economical and more effective if it is as close as possible to the radiation source.

20. To reduce exposure time, the hot cells have some devices for simple maintenance procedures.
There are many different cells and remote handling devices, however, the best choice depends on what is expected.

21. The hot cells have different systems and safety devices: ventilation, automatic alarms, compressed air, vacuum, radiation detectors, gauges, etc.

22. Inner surfaces of polished stainless steel of high quality (grade 316 by its resistance to corrosion) and acrylic or Lucite (transparent plastic that replaces glass).
Automatic, semiautomatic systems or telemanipulators for operations.

23. Panels commands with controls:
Measurement instruments.
Installed services.
Technological equipment.
Signals and alarms parameters important to safety.
Panel command

24. Interior surfaces are smooth, impervious, continuous, without right angles at junctions.
Work surfaces with tray structure (with raised edges) to prevent spills.
Permanent installation of components that can not be cleaned properly, should be avoided.
Service ducts (electricity, liquids, gases) have seals and penetrate the shielding in a curved form (S-shaped) to prevent radiation streaming.

25. Scheme of a conventional cell
Control panel.
Ionization chamber.
Leaded glass window.
Lighting system.
Sealed Enclosure.
Lead shielding.
Steel cover.
Transfer system access.
Liquid waste liner vessel.
Solid waste liner vessel.
Telemanipulator.
Radiation Detector.

26. Accesses
For intervention tasks, maintenance, cleaning or replacement of devices in sealed enclosures, gloves, pneumatically operated guillotine doors or other access are needed.
Sliding doors
The cells will be sealed in accordance with internationally accepted standards.

27. The introduction of objects and reagents, the extraction of the products and waste disposal systems require sanitary access systems (SAS) maintaining reliable and safe aseptic conditions inside the hot cell.

28. Different designs of hot cells openings
Vertical front access with telemanipulators.
Minicells with front access.
Central sliding door.

29. Concrete, lead bricks lead with antimony between 4 -7% to increase its mechanical strength, leaded glass, steel and depleted uranium are used as shielding, supported by rigid steel frames coated with epoxy paint.
The thickness of the shielding must be calculated on the basis of type and energy of radiation and the activity to be manipulated.
During the commissioning of a new hot cell, the integrity of the shielding must be verified!

30. Transparent leaded glass windows, conveniently placed on the wall, are used to observe the interior of the cells and to make possible visual control of processes and the radiation protection of the operators.
(10 cm lead glass = 5 cm of Pb)

31. Must be installed with precision, properly adjusted and tight.
Remote handling
There is commercial availability of two basic designs (by different suppliers) for remote manipulation of materials or equipment within the hot cells:
Manipulators
Must be installed with precision, properly adjusted and tight.

32. Length of ~ 1 m mounted on shielded ball joints placed on the shielded wall.
Ball joint for the telemanipulator
With interchangeable edge, allows the grip replace without the necessity of removing the enclosure.

33. Telemanipulators
Are used if the wall thickness of the shield is greater than 100 to 150 mm.
Recommended if operations are complicated, sensitive or require greater precision.

34. Ventilation
Must comply with the requirements of Good Manufacturing Practices.
To prevent radioactive spreading, the enclosure should be kept in depression.
To prevent the introduction of powder and the spread of any contaminated particles, HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Arresting) filters must be installed (inlet and outlet).
Activated carbon filters at the exit, for gases.

35. Minicells Specially designed for PET technology.
Used for automated synthesis of PET pharmaceuticals and dispensing into vials and syringes.
Completely closed with controlled airflow, double door (exterior is shielding, insulation inside).

36. Shielding of lead - 75 mm and more.
Filtration: HEPA and activated carbon.
Interlocks: opening and transfer.
Aseptic conditions (GMP).
Simple or double cells, with independent operation.

37. Autoclave with capacity for dozens of vials.
Radiation detectors inside and outside.
Manometer to measure filter clogging.
Pressure gauge for measuring the pressure difference between the interior of the cell and the laboratory.

38. The small half-life of the produced radionuclides and the energy of the annihilation photons lead to the need of attention directed to both the processing and handling, according to regulations.
The chemical synthesis shall be fast, reliable, reproducible, GMP compliant, radiologically safe, automatic and remote.
Synthesis modules

39. Equipment where all processes (chemical in nature) necessary for the production of PET radiopharmaceuticals are performed.
They operate automatically and through a software control, which monitors the entire process through a computer.

40. Use of disposable sets of reagents.
Since the final product is injectable, it must be sterile and pyrogen free.
The synthesis module has high technological complexity.

41. FDG Production (example)
Before each synthesis the cell has to be cleaned and the synthesis module reloaded with the reagents necessary for the process.
Use of disposable kits or integrated cassettes (preloaded with pharmaceutical reagents) which are positioned or adjusted in a straightforward way, avoids the use of manual measurements of reagents, which suppresses the risk of human error.

42. The F18 in the synthesis module reacts in a series of steps with other chemical reagents, and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is produced (typically in 1 hour).
Subsequently the material is transferred to a dispensing hot cell where, with the help of an automatic dispenser, it proceeds to fill the vials to provide, under aseptic conditions, the final sterilization by autoclaving.

43. The activity is verified with the activimeter.
The vials are placed in appropriated containers.
Later they are packaged for distribution.

44. Quality control
Sampling and strict quality controls to ensure the quality of the product to be administered to patients.
Laminar flow