1. The American Civil War 1861–1865 CICERO © 2010

2. How does this painting, Tragic Prelude, represent the debate over slavery prior to the Civil War?

3. Abolitionist Movement Active in Northern & Western states before the Civil War. Wanted slaves to be freed. Some abolitionists favored relocating them in Africa. Many, but not all, believed African-American slaves should have the same freedoms as their owners. Southern states opposed the abolition of slavery, b/c they needed them for plantations

4. A Divided Nation Comparing Northern and Southern Societies North: 3X that of the South. 90 % of American industry and railroads were in the North. The North also was more affluent. Most immigrants settled in the North South: 9 million people 3 million slaves The average Southerner was not as wealthy as the average person living in the North. Britain and France had friendly relations with the Confederacy and considered aiding the South.

5. The Leaders Abraham Lincoln 16 th President of the U.S. Opposed the expansion of slavery. A Republican, Lincoln led the Union during the Civil War. John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. Jefferson Davis President of the Confederate States of America. During the Mexican War, he had been an officer in the United States Army. served as the U.S. Secretary of War. When the South surrendered, he was charged with treason and prohibited from running for public office again.

6. The Generals Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman Robert E. Lee Thomas Jackson George Meade James Longstreet George B. McClellan James E.B. Stuart CICERO © 2010

7. Strategies Anaconda Plan King Cotton The Confederacy defensive strategy & attempted to secure alliances with more powerful countries such as Britain & France. To do that, the South needed to show it could win the war. As a result, the Confederate army attacked Union territory to draw Union troops away from the South and to impress potential allies. As the war continued, the Southern strategy became one of evading the Union army, prolonging the war, and inflicting casualties to demoralize the North. Goal: halt to Southern trade. The plan would impose a blockade. Eventually enable the North to control the Mississippi River the army would divide and isolate sections of the South and capture its vital cities and the capital in Richmond, Virginia.

8. Weapons of the Civil War CICERO © 2010 canister shot minié ball rifled barrel Springfield rifle, 1861 (Union) Although the Union used many types of rifles, this was the most common. British Enfield rifle, 1853 (Confederacy) Although the Confederacy used many types of rifles, this was the most common. officer’s sword artillery projectile

9. Uniforms At the beginning of the Civil War, states provided uniforms to soldiers; and the uniforms were in a variety of colors. This led to massive confusion on the battlefield, and often soldiers fired on their own men. War continued each side picked one color. USA chose blue & Confederate States of America chose gray.

10. What were the Major Battles of the Civil War?

11. Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 First shots fired at Fort Sumter, SC. In the early morning of April 12, 1861, the Confederates launched an attack. Northern troops under Anderson’s command returned fire, but were ineffective. The Confederacy continued its attack with prolonged gunfire, and the Union troops in the fort surrendered a day later.

12. First Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861 The First Battle July 21, 1861, VA. The battle lasted about five hours. Confederate forces began to retreat due to losses, except General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson who continued to fight until reinforcements arrived. The reenergized Confederates pushed McDowell’s forces out of the area. Union casualties were high, almost three thousand; and the Confederates suffered two thousand casualties.

13. Shiloh April 6-7, 1862 Tennessee April 6 until April 7, 1862 in Tennessee Union troops had found Confederate General Albert Johnston’s forces near Corinth Road, but they were not prepared for an attack. The Southern troops forced them to retreat toward the river. Although the Confederate soldiers had gained ground, they suffered many losses. 2 nd the Union army claimed ground in the early morning, throwing off Beauregard’s troops. The Confederacy, however, had an exceptional defense and stopped the Union soldiers before the Confederates retreated.

14. Antietam September 17, 1862 Also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, was fought on September 16–18, 1862 in Maryland between Union and Confederate forces under Generals George McClellan and Robert E. Lee. Federal armies brutalized the Confederacy; the combined casualties were more than 23,000. The Union pushed Lee and his troops back to Antietam Creek, but the stubborn Confederate general counterattacked with all his troops. The two sides fought to a standstill, and both armies withdrew.

15. Fredericksburg December 1862, Virginia Union General Ambrose Burnside led a march on Richmond, but was delayed for more than two weeks because of late-arriving supplies. General Lee positioned his army, deploying snipers to pick off Federal troops. Many Union soldiers were left in the open after crossing military pontoon bridges, and they became easy prey for Confederate troops. Burnside had no choice but to retreat with the remnants of his army.

16. The Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 President Abraham Lincoln 2-part plan that guaranteed freedom to slaves in the Union & some Confederate states. The Confederate government claimed Lincoln could not issue laws over states in which he had no political control. 1 st plan, enacted on September 22, 1862, freed slaves in Confederate states that had not yet rejoined the Union. 2 nd part took effect on January 1, 1863, applying to specific states, but not to the border states such as Maryland and West Virginia.

17. Vicksburg May 2-July 9, 1863 The lengthy battle began in Warren County on May 13, 1863, Mississippi The North and the South considered Vicksburg an important stronghold. Union General Ulysses S. Grant launched massive assaults on Vicksburg and terrorized the inhabitants. Confederates achieved a smalll victory at Milliken’s Bend against untrained black troops. Federal troops pushed Confederate forces back as the size of the Union forces continued to increase. South surrendered to Grant on July 3, 1863.

18. Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Pennsylvania began as the Battle of Vicksburg was ending Confederate General Lee forced federal troops, under General George C. Meade’s command, to lose ground as the Confederate forces attempted to take the city. Lee planned several attacks, including attacks at Peach Orchard and Devil’s Den. The Union army fought back, repelling Confederate attacks and sending them back to Culp’s Hill. Lee was relentless and sent his army back into battle, but to no avail. He eventually began a retreat toward Williamsport.

19. The Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863 Abraham Lincoln delivered this famous speech on November 19, 1863 Soldier’s National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. contains only 272 words, but it is considered one of the greatest speeches in American history.

20. Wilderness May 5-7, 1864 Union General Grant continued his march to Richmond, Virginia, planning to use 3 armies to lay siege to the city. Goal: cut Lee’s food and artillery supply lines and to block a Southern retreat. Grant’s troops encountered Confederate General Richard Ewell’s soldiers. The Union forces outnumbered the Confederate. Because of gunfire and the Wilderness’ dry land, forest fires were sparked. Confederates achieved some success and inflicted Union casualties. Grant refused to retreat and continued his march to Richmond.

21. Cold Harbor lasted from May 31 to June 12, 1864, in Hanover County, Virginia.. As in the Battle of Wilderness, Grant battled on, launching his soldiers at the Confederacy. The Grant-led army suffered almost five thousand losses. Grant’s march to Richmond had been thrown off, so now he attempted to regain footing in Petersburg.

22. Sherman’s March to the Sea November 15-December 20, 1864 Union General William T. Sherman already had captured Atlanta, but he wanted to leave sixty thousand troops there while he marched the rest of his army to the Atlantic Ocean through Savannah, Georgia. Confederate General John Hood had led troops in a raid on Tennessee, leaving Sherman’s soldiers to face fewer than 5,000 Confederate soldiers. Sherman’s troops burned buildings and infrastructures along the way, destroying many towns and cities. Sherman’s troops defeated the depleted Confederate army and took Savannah on December 22, 1864. As the Union army moved through the South, they destroyed train tracks by heating the rails and bending them into a bow. This became known as “Sherman’s Neckties”

23. Surrender at Appomattox General Lee surrendered his Confederate army at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, 1865. In a sign of respect, Grant allowed Lee to keep his saber and horse. General Joseph Johnston was the last Confederate general who continued to fight. He still believed that the South could win the war. Johnston’s troops eventually fell to federal troops, and he surrendered to General Sherman on April 26, 1865.

24. Assassination of Lincoln He was killed on April 14, 1865, while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife and two other people. Lincoln was watching Our American Cousin when John Wilkes Booth shot him in the back of the head. Booth was a loyal Confederate, and he thought the Confederacy could triumph if Lincoln were dead. Booth jumped off the balcony and broke his ankle, but managed to escape the theater. Lincoln died of his fatal wound the next morning.

25. The conspirators in the assassination of President Lincoln were Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, George Atzerdot, Michael O’Laughlen, Samuel Arnold, Edman Spangler, and Dr. Samuel Mudd. They were tried in a military tribunal court b/c the government deemed the nature of the case required the use of this court. A majority vote would result in a guilty verdict, while a 2/3 majority would result in a death sentence. They were found guilty. Surratt, Powell, Herold, and Atzerdot were sentenced to death by hanging. O’Laughlen died in prison. President Andrew Johnson pardoned Arnold, Spangler, and Mudd. The Trial and Execution of the Conspirators

26. Legacy of the War the bloodiest war in American history. It has been referred to as “The War Between the States,” “The Brother’s War,” and the “War of Northern Aggression.” 600,000 died The Civil War led to passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteen Amendments to the United States Constitution. These amendments outlawed slavery, granted African Americans United States citizenship, and granted African- American males the right to vote. Although equal treatment under the law for African Americans would not be enforced until almost a hundred years later, the Civil War abolished slavery & established the supremacy of the federal government.