1. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Earth Systems 3209 Unit: 4 The Forces Within Earth Reference: Chapters 4, 15, 16, 19; Appendix A & B

2. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Faulting/Folding and Deformation Unit 4: Topic 3.2 Focus on...  defining faulting/folding and relating these to the factors that affect deformation.  describing the different ways faults and folds are classified.  using a drawing to describe the main parts of a fault and a fold.

3. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Faults and Folds  Faulting and folding are two features seen in collision mountains. These features occur when stresses are greater than the strength of the rock and the rock deforms.  Scientist noted that when stress is applied to rocks they first respond by deforming elastically (bending). Once the elastic limit is reached then one of two things happen depending if the rock is in a deep Earth environment or a surface environment: Deep Earth – plastic deformation - resulting in folding or flow. Surface – plastic deformation to elastic limit and then fracture. Text Reference: Pages 421-432

4. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador  Fault  a break or crack in Earth’s crust along which movement has occurred.  Three parts of a Fault include: 1)Hanging Wall - the top part of the rock above the fault plane. 2)Foot Wall - the bottom part of the rock below the fault plane. 3)Fault Plane - the surface that separates the two moving pieces. Faults Fault Plane Foot Wall Hanging Wall

5. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Concept of hanging wall and footwall along a fault

6. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Faults Faults are classified as; 1)Dip – Slip Faults:  Normal Fault  Reverse Fault  Thrust fault  Horst and Graben 2)Strike– Slip Faults:  Transform Fault  Right Lateral  Left Lateral

7. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Dip – Slip Faults Different Types of Dip – Slip Faults: 1) Normal Fault  Caused by tensional forces.  Hanging wall drops in relation to the foot wall. 2) Reverse Fault  Caused by compressional forces  Hanging wall moves upward in relation to the foot wall Diagram:

8. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Foot Wall Hanging Wall Different Types of Dip – Slip Faults: 3) Thrust Fault  Caused by compressional forces  Hanging wall moves up over foot wall  Low angle reverse fault (less 45 degrees) Dip – Slip Faults

9. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Different Types of Dip – Slip Faults: 4) Horst and Graben  Caused by tensional forces. Horst  An uplifted block of crust bounded by two normal faults. Graben  A valley formed by the downward displacement of a block of crust bounded by two normal faults. Horst Graben Dip – Slip Faults

10. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Different Types of Strike – Slip Faults: 1) Transform Fault  Caused by shearing forces.  Two plates slide side by side  No vertical movement Two Types: 1)Left Lateral 2)Right Lateral Left LateralRight Lateral Strike – Slip Faults

11. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Fold – the bending of rock layers.  caused by compressional forces.  slow, continual, compressional forces, usually at depth, results in ductile deformation (folding). Parts of a Fold Include: 1)Anticline - crust moves upward forming a hill - referred to as an up-fold 2) Syncline - Crust moves downward forming a valley - referred to as a down-fold Anticline Syncline Folds

12. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Example 1: Which results from shear forces? (A) anticline and syncline(B) dip-slip faults (C) horst and graben(D) strike-slip faults Which type of stress and faulting occurs at divergent plate boundaries? StressFaulting (A)shearnormal (B)shearReverse (C)tensionnormal (D)tensionreverse

13. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Example 2: Based on the diagram, which fault is matched correctly with its corresponding stress? FaultStress (A)normalcompression (B)normaltension (C)reversecompression (D)reversetension

14. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Your Turn... Take the time and complete the following questions... (Solutions to follow) Question: With the aid of a clearly labelled diagram, describe the difference between a normal fault and a reverse fault.

15. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Solutions... Question: Answer: A normal fault is formed when tensional forces cause movement within Earth’s crust. The hanging wall moves down with respect to the foot wall. A reverse fault is formed when compressional forces cause movement within Earth’s crust and the hanging wall move up in relation to the foot wall. Hanging Wall Foot Wall Tensional Forces Compressional Forces Foot Wall Hanging Wall

16. Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador Summary... Overview of Points covered: Fault - a break or crack in Earth’s crust along which movement has occurred.  Parts of a fault – Hanging wall, Foot wall, and fault plane.  Dip – Slip Faults include – Normal, Reverse, Thrust, and Horst and Graben.  Strike – Slip Faults - Transform (Right lateral and Left Lateral) Fold – bending of rock layers.  Parts of a fold – Anticline and Syncline.