1. Stars Star field taken with Hubble Space Telescope

2. Hertzsprung–Russell diagram

4. Pleiades

5. Star Massive, luminous ball of plasmaplasma Held together by gravity Shines due to thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in its corethermonuclear fusion

6. Betelgeuse

7. Spectra of stars Allow astronomers to determine a star’s: Composition Luminosity Velocity Mass

9. Spectrum of the Sun

10. 3 types of spectra

11. 1.Continuous- produced by a glowing body 2. Absorption line (dark line)- produced when a cooler gas lies between observer and glowing body – this is the type used to ID stars 3.Emission line (bright line)- emission from a glowing gas, used to study nebulae

15. Star classification Stars are all made of the same material Spectral differences are due to temperature

16. Coolest stars are red, hottest stars are blue

17. Classification system O B A F G K M O hottest M coolest

19. H R (Hertzsprung Russell) Diagrams Stars plotted according to: 1.Luminosity (absolute magnitude) – brightest stars at the top 2.Temperature (spectral class) – hotter stars to the left

21. H R Diagram (cont.) 1.Main sequence – Band from hot (blue) to cool (red) – 90% of stars – e.g. the Sun 2.Giants – Luminous and cool – 10-100x size of the Sun – e.g. Aldebaran in Taurus

22. 3.Super Giants – 1000x larger than the Sun – e.g. Betelguese in Orion Antares in Scorpius

23. 4.White Dwarfs – Very hot, but low luminosity due to small size – e.g. Sirius B – NO fusion in core, glow due to contraction? Gravitational forces

26. Binary star http://www.astronomy.ohio- state.edu/~pogge/TeachRes/Movies162/#spbin http://www.astronomy.ohio- state.edu/~pogge/TeachRes/Movies162/#spbin http://www.calvin.edu/~lmolnar/anim/algol.html

27. Albireo (the Cal star)

29. Stellar Evolution

30. Fusion

31. Carbon-carbon fusion

33. supernova

34. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/progra m-3114.html

35. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CtjhWhw2I8

36. Stellar Evolution Stars do not live forever Eventually nuclear fuel runs out and star dies

38. Stages of Stellar Evolution 1.Pre-main sequence – Stars form in a dense, cool cloud of dust and gas – Gravitational attraction causes it to start to glow – NO fusion yet  Protostar

46. Once fusion starts the star enters the main sequence

53. Types of stars http://cas.sdss.org/dr6/en/proj/basic/spectraltypes/ http://cas.sdss.org/dr6/en/proj/advanced/spectraltyp es/

54. http://hubblesite.org/gallery/behind_the_pictures/mea ning_of_color/

55. http://www.windows2universe.org/the_universe/ Stars/magnitude_scale.html

56. Stages of Stellar Evolution (cont.) The Main Sequence – Once fusion starts the star enters the main sequence – The more massive the star the faster this process – Our Sun took about 50 million years to form

63. Stages of Stellar Evolution (cont.) Main Sequence (cont.) – When the force of gravity balances the pressure force the star becomes a stable main sequence star  Hydrostatic equilibrium

64. Stages of Stellar Evolution (cont.) Main sequence (cont.) – Higher temp  greater luminosity  shorter life span – Our Sun will fuse hydrogen (burn) for about 10 billion years

68. Stages of Stellar Evolution (cont.) Post-Main sequence – Hydrogen core starts to run out  contraction  heats up  outer shell hydrogen fusion increases  Red Giant Star

71. Stages of Stellar Evolution (cont.) Low mass stars (e.g. the Sun)  Red Giant Stars High mass stars (e.g. Betelguese)  Super Giant stars

76. Stages of Stellar Evolution (cont.) Death of a star – 4 solar masses or less Contraction of core  heats up  outer layer expands  ejected into space  Planetary Nebula  core becomes white dwarf

87. Stages of Stellar Evolution (cont.) Death of a star – More than 4 solar masses Core contraction causes fusion up to iron  rapid contraction of core  rebound and tremendous expansion and shock wave that blows apart star  Supernova

88. Stages of Stellar Evolution (cont.) Supernova Outshines all the other stars in the galaxy combined Nucleosynthesis of elements heavier than iron

96. Stages of Stellar Evolution (cont.) 5-10 solar mass star  neutron star (a paper clip worth of a neutron star would weigh more than Mt. Everest Emit strong radio waves  Pulsar

100. Stages of Stellar Evolution (cont.) Stars of 10 solar masses or more may become a black hole Mass is squeezed into a singularity Area that sparates a black hole from the surrounding space is the event horizon