1. AERODYNAMICS AND WINDTUNNELS

2. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS: IS THE STUDY OF THE FORCES EXERTED BY AIR OR OTHER GASES IN MOTION DEFINITION

3. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT AERODYNAMICS? BECAUSE IT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTS THE PERFORMANCE & SAFETY OF MANY OF THE THINGS WE USE AND THINGS WE DO: AIRCRAFT SPACECRAFT AUTOMOBILES AND TRUCKS ENGINES (Gas turbines, reciprocating engines, etc.) AIR HANDLING SYSTEMS (fans, blowers, air conditioners, etc.) BUILDINGS WIND TURBINES SPORTS (Ski jumping, speed skating, bicycle racing, windsurfing, yacht racing, etc.) DESIGN APPLICATIONS

4. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AERO DESIGN PROCESS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD: FOR THEORY TO BECOME LAW IT MUST BE TESTABLE (otherwise it’s philosophy) THE WIND TUNNEL IS THE PRIMARY TEST VEHICLE FOR AERODYNAMIC DESIGN

5. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS UNDERSTANDING AERODYNAMICS CONSERVATION OF ENERGY NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION POTENTIAL & KINETIC ENERGY CONTINUITY EQUATION GOVERNING LAWS OF PHYSICS

6. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but only changed from one form into another or transferred from one object to another the total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant ENERGY

7. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS NEWTONS THIRD LAW FOR EVERY ACTION THERE IS AN (OPPOSED) EQUAL AND OPPOSITE REACTION LAWS OF MOTION

8. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS POTENTIAL ENERGY PE = mass x g x height = weight x height KINETIC ENERGY KE = ½ mass x velocity 2 = weight x velocity 2 2g ENERGY TRANSFORMATION

9. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS THE FORCES EXERTED BY AIR ARE MANIFEST IN PRESSURE DEFINITION

10. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS FLOW THROUGH A CONSTRAINED REGION Continuity Equation W 1 = W 2 = W n flow = density x area x velocity W = d x A x V CONTINUITY EQUATION 1 2n

11. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS STATIC PRESSURE THE CONCEPT OF PRESSURE V = 0 OBSERVER MOVING WITH THE AIR

12. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS DYNAMIC (TOTAL) PRESSURE Pressure due to velocity of air relative to the velocity of the object THE CONCEPT OF PRESSURE OBSERVER MOVING WITH THE OBJECT

13. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATIC AND TOTAL PRESSURE THE CONCEPT OF PRESSURE Total Temp ≈ Static Temp x (1 + c x V 2 ) Total Press ≈ Static Press x (1 + c x V 2 ) 3.5 Total Press ≈ Static Press x (Total/Static Temp) 3.5

14. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS DEFINITION

15. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS VELOCITY IS GOVERNED BY THE CONTINUITY EQUATION Density (d) varies with T & P T & P remain constant unless heat and/or work is added or removed (conservation of energy), thus d = constant Therefore: W = constant = d x A x V = constant x A x V Thus V varies only with A (V = constant/A) VELOCITY IN A CONSTRAINED SPACE

16. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS FLOW OVER A WING AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS

17. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND A WING AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS

18. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS C AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS

19. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS ANGLE OF ATTACK AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS As the angle of attack increases lift increases but so does drag At some point the air cannot follow the wing surface and separates. This causes the wing to rapidly lose lift, creating stall

20. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON A WING AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS

21. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMIC & PHYSICAL LOADS ON AN AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMIC LOADS

22. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS LIFT AND DRAG AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS

23. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS WINDTUNNELS ARE USED TO: DEVELOP EMPIRICAL DESIGN DATA (eg Lift/Drag polars) INVESTIGATE AERODYNAMIC PHENOMENA (eg flutter) DEVELOP AND VERIFY DESIGNS WIND TUNNELS

24. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS WRIGHT BROTHERS WIND TUNNEL WINDTUNNELS Critical to the Wright Brothers’ success was their wind tunnel. When they tested their previous design that failed expectations they discovered that its lift was 1/3 of design predictions

25. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS WRIGHT BROTHERS WIND TUNNEL WINDTUNNELS

26. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS LARGE SCALE WIND TUNNELS WINDTUNNELS

27. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS OPTIONS WINDTUNNELS CLOSED LOOP: Facilitates changes in altitude (pressure). Reduces energy consumption. OPEN LOOP: Required for engine testing and testing with inlet additives (eg water, contamination, etc. Ambient Inlet air heaters & coolers Exhaust pumps to vary altitude and flight speed. BLOW DOWN : Open configuration Closed configuration

28. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS BLOW DOWN WIND TUNNELS WINDTUNNELS

29. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS SCHLIEREN, SHADOW GRAPHS, & LDV USE AIR DENSITY FOR VISUALIZATION VISUALIZING FLOW FIELDS

30. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS VERTICAL WIND TUNNELS WINDTUNNELS NASA LEWIS (GLENN) 5 FT VERTICAL WIND TUNNEL - 1917

31. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS NON - AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS WINDTUNNELS

32. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMIC DRAG MEASUREMENT ON BUILDINGS USING SCALE MODELS WINDTUNNELS

33. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS WIND LOADS ON STRUCTURES HURRICANES & TORNADOS

34. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS 0 HURRICANES AND TORNADOES EFFECT OF HIGH WIND SPEED ON HOUSE ROOF LOADS

35. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS OF VEHICLES OBJECTIVE: REDUCE DRAG FOR REDUCED FUEL CONSUMPTION AND INCREASED SPEED. AUTOMOBILES, RACE CARS, MOTORCYCLES & TRUCKS WINDTUNNELS

36. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS GM WIND TUNNEL MERCEDES BENZ ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING NASA LANGLEY FULL SCALE TESTING

37. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS SMOKE STREAMS FLOW VISUALIZATION Smoke streams clearly show flow separation and turbulence – which means higher drag and higher fuel consumption

38. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS HOW TO PREVENT A CAR FROM BECOMING AN AIRPLANE FLOW VISUALIZATION INVERTED WING SPOILER

39. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS WOOL TUFTS FLOW VISUALIZATION

40. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS SKI JUMPING DOWNHILL RACING SPEED SKATING SKY DIVING BICYCLE RACING GOLF AERODYNAMICS IN SPORTS

41. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS SKI JUMPING WINDTUNNELS V STYLE CLASSIC STYLE

42. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS SKY DIVING WINDTUNNELS MODERN VERTICAL WIND TUNNELS – FOR FUN AND GAMES

43. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS RACING APPLICATIONS WINDTUNNELS

44. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS WHY DIMPLED GOLFBALLS? AERODYNAMICS OF GOLF In the early days of golf when the balls were smooth some golfers noticed that their old beat up golf balls drove further than new golf balls – hence the design of dimpled ball covers.

45. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS OF SPEED SKATING Under Armour and Lockheed Martin designed gear for the 2014 Winter Olympics

46. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS THE LEADER FIGHTS THE HIGHEST DRAG AERODYNAMICS OF DRAFTING PEDALING A BICYCLE AT 152 MPH

47. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS EVERYONE IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER IS AFFECTED BY AERODYNAMICS (BUT MOST OF US DO NOT REALIZE IT) THE PHENOMENAE OF AERODYNAMICS AND THE ATTENDANT LAWS OF PHYSICS CAN BE DEMONSTRATED WITH A SIMPLE WIND TUNNEL ITS ADVANTAGE IS THAT IT PROVIDES AN INTERESTING “SEE AND TOUCH” APPROACH WITH CONSIDERABLE OPTIONS FOR STUDENTS TO DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF BASIC SCIENCE AERODYNAMICS

48. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS Dennis Barbeau dennisb@innsolinc.com AERODYNAMICS