1. Head of otolaryngology department Prof. Alexander I. Yashan
Sore Throat Anatomy, phisiology, examination and illnesses of the throat
Head of otolaryngology department
Prof. Alexander I. Yashan

2. Sagital section

3. Anatomy of mesopharynx (oropharyngoscopy)

4. Anatomy of epypharynx (epypharyngoscopy)

5. Anatomy of hypopharynx (hypopharyngoscopy-laryngoscopy)

6. EXAMINATION of the THROAT (bacteriological)

7. EXAMINATION of the THROAT (palpation)

8. PHISIOLOGY of the THROAT
Breathing
Swallowing
Separating (channelization)
Speech (articulation)

9. SWALLOWING Normal mechanism - 3 stages
1st Stage - Oral (Voluntary) - tongue pushed against palate, forcing food into pharynx, triggering reflex stages
2nd Stage - Pharyngeal involuntary lasts 1-2 seconds Food in pharynx stimulates receptors with afferents in V and IX leading to the medulla. Reflex efferent signals travel via V, IX, X, and XII to:
Elevate soft palate to seal off nasopharynx
Move palatopharyngeal walls medially
Close glottis and depress epiglottis
Larynx moves superiorly, and anteriorly under base of tongue to shield larynx and widen hypopharynx
Relax cricopharyngeus
Close superior constrictor as bolus passes into esophagus
3rd Stage - Esophageal (Involuntary)
Liquids usually fall by gravity
Peristaltic waves push solids. Innervated by vagi and myenteric plexus.

10. Examination Scheme External: Lips Oral vestibule Teeth and gums
Hard & soft palate
Palatal mobility
Tongue dorsal, ventral surfaces,
Floor of mouth
Tongue mobility
Put Tongue Depressor & examine:
Tonsils
Ant. & post. Pillars
Tongue Posterior 1/3
Post. Pharyngeal wall
& its mobility

11. Examination

12. Tongue Depressors

13. Taste Sensation & Electrogustometry

14. INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE PHARYNX
Inflammatory disorders of the pharynx most commonly present as throat or neck pain. Disphagia, odynophagia, and airway obstruction are other frequent complaints. The pharynx is a dynamic conduit for inspired air and ingested matter, responsible for diverting each into the trachea or esophagus, respectively. This process may be impaired by anything which obstructs or restricts the mobility of the pharynx. The following outline is directed toward a systematic approach to the evaluation of the patient with sore throat, odynophagia or disphagia.

15. EVALUATION Key historical considerations Age of patient
Onset and duration
History of recent trauma (including possible foreign body)
Inflammatory symptoms - fever, pain, malaise, malodorous breath
Status of nasal airway: congestion, obstruction, rhinorrhea, purulent discharge, allergic history, snoring
Reflux symptoms such as heartburn or water brash
Associated ear pain
Disphagia or odynophagia
Dyspnea or stridor
Other associated symptoms
Recent exposure to infectious discharge
Cancer risk factors: smoking history, ETOH abuse

16. Key considerations of physical examination for patients with throat pain:
Ears - The patient's ears need to be examined for primary ear pathology, as acute otitis media and serous otitis media are often preceded by pharyngitis and nasal congestion. Conversely many patients with pharyngeal inflammation or tumor will have referred ear pain in which case otoscopy will be normal.
Nose - The nose should be examined for any evidence of obstruction, purulence, or excessive secretions. Mouth breathing leads to drying of pharyngeal mucosa; this is a very common cause of chronic sore throat. Excessive secretion may cause the patient to clear his throat frequently, which traumatizes the larynx; and infected drainage from sinusitis may cause irritation in the pharynx.
Pharynx - Examination of the throat for asymmetry, injection, erythema, exudate, swelling, or pooling of secretions. Also, careful inspection and palpation of any ulcerations, lesions, mucosal or submucosal masses.
Neck - Careful palpation and inspection of the neck for lymphadenopathy, swelling, tenderness, induration or fluctuance. Large, firm, non-tender masses suggest neoplasia, while multiple small nodes are often seen in chronic recurrent infections.

17. Acute Viral or Bacterial Pharyngitis
Pharyngitis is caused by a variety of microorganisms. Most cases are viral and include the virus causing the common cold, flu (influenza virus), adenovirus, mononucleosis, HIV among various others. Bacterial causes include Group A streptococcus which causes strep throat (15% of cases), in addition to Corynebacterium, Arcanobacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and others. In up to 30% of cases, no organism is identified.
Most cases of pharyngitis occur during the colder months -- during respiratory disease season. Spread among household members is common. The medical importance of recognizing strep throat as a cause of pharyngitis stems from the need to prevent its complications which can include acute rheumatic fever, kidney dysfunction and severe disease such as bacteremia and rarely streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.

18. Symptoms  
sore throat
additional symptoms are dependent on the underlying microorganisms
step throat may be accompanied by fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes in the neck
viral pharyngitis may be associated with runny nose (rhinorrhea) and postnasal discharge
severe cases of pharyngitis may be accompanied by difficulty swallowing and rarely difficulty breathing
Signs and tests    A physical exam with attention to the pharynx to assess whether drainage/coating (exudates) are present, as well as skin, eyes, neck lymph nodes is frequently done.

19. Oropharyngoscopy
Swollen, erythematous mucosa of the oropharynx and hypopharynx, often with edema of the uvula and soft palate.
Swollen cyanotic lymphatic follicles on the posterior wall
Mucous or purulent discharges on the posterior wall

20. Complications complications of strep throat: rheumatic fever,
glomerulonephritis (kidney inflammation),
chorea,
bacteremia (bloodstream infection) and rarely streptococcal shock syndrome
in some severe forms of pharyngitis (e.g., severe mononucleosis-pharyngitis)
airway obstruction may occur
peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal abscess

21. Acute Tonsillitis
The most common organism is beta hemolytic streptococcus, but viral organisms can also cause exudative tonsillitis. Other causative organisms include staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus viridans, and various hemophilus species.

22. General Symptoms
Rapid onset of throat pain with pain on swallowing associated with
Fever, often 38°-39° C
Malaise
fatigue
Chill
Pain in extremities, muscles and joints

23. The Tonsils

24. Catharal and Follicular Tonsilitis
The tonsils are red, enlarged and painfulness
with an exudate or studded with white follicles.
Tender, firm cervical adenopathy is often present.

26. Tonsillectomy

27. Tonsillectomy

28. Secondary infection

29. Adenoidal facies

30. Adenotomy
Adenoid grades

31. Tonsils Effect of tongue depressor on size

32. Tonsillar hypertrophy

33. Asymmetrical tonsils
Large kissing tonsils

34. Acute tonsillitis

35. In mononucleosis the tonsils are hyperaemic and pus accumulates in the tonsillar crypts. The debris in the crypts coalesces to form a purulent membrane. The clinical picture resembles of that in streptococcal tonsillitis

36. Right peritonsillar abscess; the peritonsillar space, the soft palate and the uvula are swollen. The uvula is displaced to the contralateral side

37. Peritonsillar Abscess Quinzy

38. Infectious Mononucleosis

39. Keratosis
Concretions, exudate

40. Tonsil cysts

41. Tonsil Tumours
Carcinoma
Papilloma

42. Deep lobe of parotid pushing tonsil medially

43. Hypertrophy of post pillar after tonsillectomy

44. Pharyngitis
Chronic Pharyngitis

45. Epiglottitis