2.  “History is written by the winners.” - George Orwell

3.  An analysis of and response to, the impact of colonialism and imperialism*.  * the creation of colonies and empires

4.  Colonialism is the belief in the right of a country to take over and run (colonize) another country, often as part of a bigger empire.  The British empire was the greatest empire in history.  At its height (1800s) it controlled nearly 1/3 surface of planet and nearly 1/3 of population of world.

6.  The colonial power is by its nature powerful, militarily, economically and culturally.  So it tends to produce books etc that tell the story of the past.  (Consider also WW2 and our views of it)  The colonizer’s view of history is what is accepted  The colonized people are sidelined, silenced

7.  Since the end of WW2 the British Empire went into decline and most of the countries within the empire were either given or fought for, independence.  These countries then created art and literature about being former colonies, a response to having been a colony.

8.  Post-colonialism attempts to give the point of view of the colonized  Post-colonialism revises the view of history  Criticises the colonialists?  Attempts to give a more balanced view of history to include the colonized

9.  In Ireland, post-colonialism might present modern Ireland as having emerged from being under the control of the British government or it might present the past  In India, post-colonialism might do something similar

10.  A work of literature might be considered a post-colonial text if it presents a view of history that includes the perspective of the colonized (usually written after independence from the colonizer)

11.  A reader might take a post-colonial view of a text if it comments on colonialism.  E.g. Shakespeare’s The Tempest (from a post- colonial p.o.v) might be considered to criticise ( or simply to present) the act of colonizing since a man takes over an island and makes the natives his slaves

12.  A poem like ‘Ruins…’ might be considered a post-colonial poem since it is written after the colonial time and looks at the British empire from the p.o.v of a descendent of a slave.