1. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC S. Claudet (CERN, Geneva) on behalf of the “Cryogenics Group” Technology Department Operation of the LHC Cryogenics system and interface with beam & machine operation

2. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation2/30 Outline Introduction to LHC Cryogenics Operation, organisation and results Availability and interaction with beam operations Summary

3. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation3/30 LHC accelerator 24 km of superconducting magnets @1.8 K, 8.33 T p-p collision 10 34 cm -2.s -1, 14 TeV, 0.5 GJ stored energy Machine operation Technology

4. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation4/30 Magnets Distribution Layout of LHC cryogenics 8 x 18kW @ 4.5 K 1’800 sc magnets 24 km & 20 kW @ 1.8 K 36’000 t @ 1.9K 130 t He inventory LHC cryogenics is the largest, the longest and the most complex cryogenic system worldwide

5. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation5/30 How does it compare ? Tevatron, RHIC, Jlab, SNS, HERA, Tristan, … ITER Before LHC: existing experience for design, safety, controls, operation, availability, … We did not start from scratch!

6. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation6/30 LHC compressor station (x8) MotorsOil/Helium CoolersCompressors 4.2MW input power Bldg: 15m x 25m

7. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation7/30 18 kW @ 4.5 K Refrigerators (x8) 33 kW @ 50 K to 75 K - 23 kW @ 4.6 K to 20 K - 41 g/s liquefaction LHe: 3’600 l/h 4m diam, 20m long, 100tons

8. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation8/30 1.8K Units with cold compressors (x8) Axial-centrifugal Impeller (3D) Fixed-vane diffuser 3-phase induction Electrical motor (rotational speed: 200 to 700 Hz) Active magnetic bearings 300 K under atmosphere Cold under vacuum Inlet Outlet Pressure ratio 2 to 4 Spiral volute Cold Compressor 200 to 800 Hz) 125 g/s GHe from 15 mbar to P atm with 3 or 4 stages

9. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation9/30 Electrical feed boxes for current leads LSSL2 of the LHC 48 Boxes, 1200 leads

10. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation10/30 From LHC Magnet String test One LHC sector: production-distribution-magnets x 13.5 Extremely large installed cooling capacity Complexity associated with 1.8K units Extremely large distribution system => Recovery from failures can last from few minutes to 20 hrs, exceptionally 2-3 days Total for 8 sectors: Compressors: 64 Turbines: 74 Cold Comp.: 28 Leads: 1’200 I/O signals: 60’000 PID loops: 4’000 3.3km

11. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation11/30 Interfaces: follow-up electrical perturbations EL perturbations and their impact on our LHC Cryo system Duration [ms] Electrical systems recover in ms Cooling systems recover in min Cryo systems recover in hrs => A big incentive to be as tolerante to glitches as possible Voltage change [%] Typical tolerance envelope

12. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation12/30 Main reasons to superconducting Compactness through higher fields E beam ≈ 0.3. B. rE beam ≈ E. L [Gev] [T] [m][Gev] [MV/m] [m] Capital Cost Operating Cost For accelerators in high energy physics Saving operating energy Electromagnets:Acceleration cavities Resistive: P input ≈ E beam P input ≈ Rs.L. E 2 /w Superconducting: P input ≈ PrefR s ≈ R BCS + R o R BCS ≈ (1/T) exp(-BT c /T) Be sure that at design stage, working at higher temperature was considered, but not selected to maximise LHC beam energy => Cryogenic systems takes longer to recover from failures than conventional ones (but we work on it!)

13. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation13/30 Interactions between LHC systems Static and Dynamic heat loads Beam related Dynamic heat loads Powering OK or interlock

14. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation14/30 Outline Introduction to LHC Cryogenics Operation, organisation and results Availability and interaction with beam operations Summary

15. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation15/30 Key factors for operation Equipment architecture: –Central liquefier to intermediate buffer, distribution decoupled –Cooling capacity production in line with demands Type of operation –Transients (cool-down / warm-up) or various recovery –Alarm monitoring, simple reset actions, calling for experts –Detection of process degradation and curing action –HW checks and preventive treatment of slow evolving problems Frequency of required actions: –Once per month, once per week –Once per 1-2 days On-call adapted LHC: A huge and complex system without significant buffer and frequent operator actions required Dedicated 24/7 required so far !!!

16. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation16/30 Structure - Coordination - Outils Coordinations: Team Leaders + Management (1/wk) Performance panel (1/2wks) Operation / Maintenance panel Methods & Tools panel MechanicsElectricity-Controls Instrum-Cryolab Operation Accel.Operation Detect. Management Methods - Logistics Tools (web interface DB oracle): e-logboog operation for any change of configuration (wanted or not) or observation and diagnostic request Diagnostic tables, work-orders, intervention reports Asset & spares management, intervention procedures Maintenance plan Scheduling

17. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation17/30 Staff & team evolution High level requirements for recruitment (Bachelor & Masters) Formalised induction process: Academic training - On the job training - Shadow shifts => Certification after ≈ 10 months as shift operator (alone!) Senior operator (>3 yrs): Able with all sub-systems, ability to optimise production-needs-time Certification diploma: Written - Site - Simulator - Improvement study (report + presentation) If selected for indefinite contract: –Operation for 5 to 10 years –Ability to become “production Eng.” as site responsible –Ability to switch to support teams or another activity at Cern People should be able to quit, newcomers should be integrated

18. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation18/30 Cryo operator in Cern Central Control room Shift 24/7 Process synoptics and orders Tendancy curves (summary) Fixed displays

19. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation19/30 Operation, indicators Powering Alarms Global availability Efficiency

20. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation20/30 Outline Introduction to LHC Cryogenics Operation, organisation and results Availability and interaction with beam operations Summary

21. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation21/30 Availability: a signal Yes/No is required Cryo Maintain: Few important conditions checking integrity of HW, with slow power abort in case this signal is lost (leading to beam dump !) Cryo Start: set of conditions to allow powering of concerned sub-sector, with no action if powering started (illustrates good stability of process) SP set-point CM CS T2 indicator w.r.t EN 15341 T2 = Achieved up time during required time / Required time x 100 (operational availability) CS CM Sum CM 8 sectors: Global availability CM Possibility to treat thousands of channels in a structured way to match at best the LHC powering sub-sectorisation and the cryo sub-sectorisation

22. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation22/30 LHCCryo global availability 2012 - Excellent 1st part to TechSTop - Heavy works done during Technical Stop #1, and cabling weakness caused difficult recovery - Very moderate impact from High Luminosity operation in 2012 - Excellent 1st part to TechSTop - Heavy works done during Technical Stop #1, and cabling weakness caused difficult recovery - Very moderate impact from High Luminosity operation in 2012 2011 2010 2009 Target 2012 95% SEU? P8+R5 L7 TT891 2xP8 CCs P18 oil P4 ice P4 CCs

23. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation23/30 Performance and origin of downtine (260 days)(271 days) Evolution: - 2010: Correcting early Cryo bugs - 2011: Adapting to SEU (corrected @Xmas) - 2012: So far rewarding !!! Global availability as seen by LHC during beam operation periods Others according to relative ratio of their average for the 8 sectors (Full days, Mondays & Fridays of Technical Stops not counted here) (137/290)

24. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation24/30 Availability: from global to single plant 2010-2011 Single sector and cryoplant Considering 8 independent sectors

25. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation25/30 Indicators: recovery categories & tendency + Better global control/tuning (operation, instrumentation) - ! SEU ! + No longer recurrent Cold Compressors particular issues (Leaks, electronics) Less Cryo induced failures,. (but 3 VERY LONG ones!) - More Supply (EL) failures - ! SEU ! Serious cases requiring specific monitoring and significant efforts Annoying if frequent, to be kept low with moderate efforts From the books: Immediate effect of (good!) practice Nice tendency, promising for 2012 or new surprises to come up? Nb stops

26. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation26/30 Operation structure & approach 2007/2008 cool-down & HWC: Per site, one experienced engineer with agreed minimum protocol to guide a local team of operators, with help of support teams (instrumentation, experts, controls) Since 2009 and operation with beam: One operator in shift 24h/7d, more transverse structure site/CernControlCenter, procedures & operation tools For machine controls (temperature, level, pressure): Basic interlocks and simple PID loops with generic tools for fast orders, now completed with automated sequences & procedures Indicators: From temperature stability to daily availability on-line cool-down curves to on-line cryo-status Control rooms: site - CCC- office

27. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation27/30 Power Consumption for LHC Cryogenics Installed power Operation with 8 plants Cryo optimized power Stop Cryoplant Tests Cool down Gain ≈ 8MW (20% of installed power) Net gain ≈ 50 GW.h per year (3 MCHF / year !!!) LHC physics 6200 h LHC physics 6500 h HWC 91% Cryo Availability 90% Cryo Availability 700 h 2009 20102011 Cryo unavailability breakdown 3 4 3 3 5 1 Power [MW]

28. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation28/30 Helium inventory follow-up Helium invenrory [tons] Now < 30kg/day With 50kg/day in 2011 and better control @Xmas, tendency to be confirmed @50 CHF/kg - 50kg/day # 2’500 CHF/day - 150 t # 7.5 MCHF

29. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation29/30 Text zone Interfaces with Beam-OP HW signals: –Cryo Start and Cryo Maintain towards Powering Interlock module SW panels: –Cryo web page People in Control Room (LHC): –1 Eng in charge + 1 operator –1 Cryo operator –1 operator for technical infrastructure Possible evolutions ? – Closer discussions with Eng. In charge in case of cryo problem – Other operators involved to help diagnostics/recovery – No longer cryo operators at night (on call only)

30. Workshop Accelerator Operation 2012, SLAC LHC Cryogenics, interface with beam operation30/30 Summary LHC cryogenics is the largest, the longest and the most complex cryogenic system worldwide. We could achieve a reasonable availablity (> 90 %) so far with beams. This demonstrates that there are no big issues in concept, technology or global approach for operation. Despite all our efforts, we had very hard time and lengthy commissioning to learn how to tune all these sub-systems together while permanently consolidating what was not conform. Experience has been converted into automatism, procedures, tools, training Cryogenics operation is well integrated in central control room with LHC main systems, but operated/supported independently (about 50 people) Maintenance is as well reaching an efficient preventive/corrective ratio, with efforts to be made for non-standard cases. We have to prepare for higher energies and intensities with continued gain in reliability !