2. How to Grow Strawberries the Organic Way Welcome

3. Canada’s Favourite Fruit Canadian growers produce approximately 24,000 tonnes of strawberries, totaling sales of over $6,500,000 each year. Approximately 1% of these strawberries are grown organically.

4. Why are strawberries the most popular fruit in Canada? The average Canadian eats almost 5 lbs of strawberries per year High in fiber, low in fat Excellent source of vitamin C & Manganese Contain anti-oxidants Contain phenols, linked to reduced risk of osteoarthritis, asthma and atherosclerosis

5. Modern strawberries were first cultivated in France in the 1750s. They were produced by crossing sweet, flavourful Alpine strawberries with very large, less tender strawberries from Chile. Strawberries are not really berries; they are related to roses. Since they are a hybrid, modern strawberries cannot be grown from seed.

6. Will strawberries grow in Atlantic Canada? YES!!

7. Considerations for Organic Production Cultivation Site Selection Frost Considerations Soil Preparation & Maintenance Selection of Growing System & Variety Cultivation Practices Business Start up and transitioning costs Labour Type of Operation Marketing Transitioning to Organic

8. Site Selection Soil Slope Winter Conditions Frost Previous crops Water supply

9. Frost Protection can mean the difference between a bumper crop and no crop Risks year round Early Frost -Plants blossom blossoms freeze Late frost berries freeze or plants are damaged before dormancy Winter frost crack plants

10. Frost Protection - Site Selection Strawberries should be located on ground with some elevation so colder air will flow away from the berries and protect them from frost. South facing slopes lead to increased frost damage as plants tend to blossom too early. Plants on west facing slopes are often damaged by strong, drying winter winds

11. Strawberry Fact The Algonkian Indians of north eastern North America identify and name the full moos based on natural cycles. The sixth moon in a year is the Strawberry Moon

12. The Soil “It all begins with the soil” Rob Wallbridge of Songberry Farm, Bristol, PQ

13. Healthy soil is teeming with organisms that aerate the soil and release Nitrogen

14. Soil Testing

15. pH Levels Soil acidity, or pH, affects a plant’s ability to take up and make use of minerals and other compounds. Soil acidity partially dictates the levels of other nutrients necessary for strawberries to grow, develop roots, runners and fruit.

16. Soil & Fertility Requirements Nitrogen Organic matter Minerals and micro- nutrients

17. Nitrogen Adequate levels of nitrogen are necessary for photosynthesis and the production of plant proteins and enzymes

18. N – How much is enough? Necessary at all stages throughout the year 500 – 1500 ppm of Nitrate Mineral content of soil and amount of organic matter Too little - stunted growth low yields Too much - lush growth, poor air circulation - disease

19. Organic Matter Adequate organic matter is essential for the growth of healthy plants and the development of runners and fruit

20. Minerals & Micro-Nutrients Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Manganese Iron Zinc Boron

21. Improve the Quality of Your Soil

22. Strawberry Fact The 16 th century English believed that a strawberry shaped birthmark was a sign of being a witch. Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry, had such a birthmark – one factor that led to her beheading!

23. Cultivation Basics Field Preparation Planting Mulch Irrigation Renovation & Rotation Pest Control

24. Anatomy of a Strawberry Plant

25. Preparing New Fields Year 1 Late Summer / Early Fall Plow Test soil and adjust PH levels Plant a winter cover crop (early September) Year 2 Spring Till in the fall cover crop Amend soil based on soil test results Fall Plant cover crops Test soil Year 3 Spring Amend soil based on soil tests Plant oats as early as possible Till in oats & plant strawberries Remove first blossoms (June bearing varieties)

26. Planting Choose only vibrant healthy plants Plant early or late in the day if the weather is hot Keep plants in a bucket of water until planted Soak in with compost tea or water Pick buds off of June bearing varieties

27. Mulch

28. Weed Control

29. How to Control Weeds Carefully prepared site and soil Mulch or black plastic Hand weeding Weeder geese Mechanic weeding Thermoweeding

30. Disease Control Diseases may occur when one or more of the following factors are present: Pathogens are present in the air, soil or new plants Environmental Conditions are right Variety Susceptibility

31. Disease Control Factors Soil fertility and health Drainage and irrigation Air circulation Mulch Removal & destruction of diseased plants Field monitoring Sanitation Foliar application of compost or manure tea

32. Pest Control

33. Cultivation Calendar

34. Strawberry Fact The word “strawberry” comes from Old English. Some historians believe that the name comes from the centuries old practice of growing strawberries on straw mulch; others believe it is because the daughter plants are “strewn” over the ground.

35. Varieties and Growing Systems June-Bearing Everbearing (Day Neutral) Alpine (Fraises du Bois) Matted Row System Hill System “The perfect strawberry doesn’t exist. They seem to be very specific in terms of how well they do. Grow at least four varieties. Find out what you like, and what your customers like.” John Wise, Centreville, ON

36. Matted Row System – June Bearing

37. Day Neutral or Everbearing

38. Alpine Strawberries Wild strawberries from Alps Prized for flavour Will grow from seed

40. Renovation or Rotation Rotate when yields become low, plants are diseased or weeds are out of control Renovate when you intend to keep the same plants in production the following year.

41. Strawberry Fact The word “strawberry” comes from Old English. Some historians believe that the name comes from the centuries old practice of growing strawberries on straw mulch; others believe it is because the daughter plants are “strewn” over the ground.

42. Business Considerations Start up and maintenance costs Labour Costs Marketing

43. Costs per Acre to Establish & Maintain Fields Cost to establish field over 1 to 2 years (Including site preparation, plants, labour) $2500 - $4000 Maintenance Costs per year (labour, planted 4 years or more) $6500 - $8000 Profit $2000 - $6000

44. The Greatest Variable - Labour What factors will affect your labour needs? Weed pressure Condition of the soil Type of growing system Type of marketing Livestock for manure

45. Strawberry Fact Some people in Bavaria still believe that elves love to eat strawberries. They tie baskets of ripe berries to the horns of their dairy cattle as an offering to elves, and for assurance of an abundant supply of milk.

46. Marketing Farm Gate Farmers Market U-Pick CSA Wholesale Value Added Products (jam, baking, etc.)

47. Transitioning to Organic

48. Cold Turkey

49. Field by Field

50. Questions or comments?