1. Multinationals, Bi-nationals, and International NGOs
International Social Work Class
Session 4, September 26th

2. Examples Bi-national agencies: Multi-national organizations:
US Agency for International Development (USAID), US Import-Export Bank, Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), Peace Corps
Multi-national organizations:
World Bank, United Nations (UNDP, UNICEF, etc.) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International NGOs:
CARE, Safe the Children, Catholic Relief Service, International Committee of the Red Cross
National NGOs:
Bangladesh Grameen Bank

3. Assistance Agencies and Organizations
All are involved in development &/or human rights
US Bi-lateral: assistance from the US to another country. Funded by US Congress. Other countries and EU also have bi-lateral programs. (ex – JICA)
Multi-lateral: assistance through intergovernmental organizations with varied members, both rich & poor (perception of global cooperation) Funded by member country governments
NGOs / Education institutions / for-profit groups: assistance through private non governmental groups; local, national, international. Funded by private contributions / grants or contracts from bi-lateral or multi-lateral organizations.

4. Purposes
Humanitarian assistance, i.e. natural disasters, disease outbreaks
Foreign policy to gain allies and shape policy decisions in other countries, i.e. ‘rule of law’ programs in Central Asia; significant aid to Egypt and Isreal
Open foreign market for donor country products, i.e. disease resistant grains

5. Funding and Project Stream
Bi-lateral (USAID) / funding from Congress; sets priorities
Contracts projects to large international for-profits and NGOs
Sub-contracts to smaller and In-country NGOs

6. Funding and Project Stream
Multilateral/funded by member country governments
Loan (WB, IMF) project monies to countries thru international for- profits and NGOs
Subcontracts to in-country NGOs
Each country must approve each step since funding must be paid back.

7. USAID (USG)
USAID is an independent federal government agency that receives overall foreign policy guidance from the Secretary of State.
Work supports long-term and equitable economic growth and advances U.S. foreign policy objectives by supporting:
economic growth, agriculture and trade;
global health;
and,democracy, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance.

8. USAID program examples
Programs in democracy and legal reform, girls' education, maternal and child health, and economic growth improves status of women and their opportunities:
specific focus on girls' education in 67 percent of its basic education programs.

Over 60 percent of clients receiving loans from USAID-supported microfinance institutions are women.

Nearly one-third of the clients receiving USAID-supported enterprise development services are women.

Provided $27 million to support anti-trafficking activities in 30 countries in Supported legislation supporting women in Albania, Benin, Mozambique, and Madagascar.

9. PEPFAR (USG) Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief / Phase II
PEPFAR's Goals:
Transition from an emergency response to promotion of sustainable country programs.
Strengthen partner government capacity to lead the response to this epidemic and other health demands.
Expand prevention, care, and treatment in both concentrated and generalized epidemics. Integrate and coordinate HIV/AIDS programs with broader global health and development programs to maximize impact on health systems.
Invest in innovation and operations research to evaluate impact, improve service delivery and maximize outcomes.

10. PEPFAR, Phase I
Launched in 2003, PEPFAR largest effort by any nation to combat a single disease, HIV/AIDS.
First five years, PEPFAR focused on expanding access to HIV prevention, care and treatment in low-resource settings.
PEPFAR supported treatment to 2 million people, care to 10 million people, including more than 4 million orphans and vulnerable children, and prevention of mother-to-child treatment services during 16 million pregnancies.
About $15 billion in five years.

11. Peace Corps (USG)
Independent USG agency, NOT part of US foreign policy
8,000 Volunteers in 74 countries
200,000 have served since 1961
Mission and three goals:
World peace and friendship
To help people of interested countries in meeting their need for trained men and women
To help promote a better understanding of Americans on part of peoples served
To help promote better understanding of peoples on part of Americans

12. United Nations Agencies (180 govs)
Social welfare / development purposes: to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character and in promoting respect for human rights.
Best source for global development data (Human Development Report)
Originator of the Millennium Development Goals

13. UN Development related agencies
Best known agencies within UN
UN Development Programme (UNDP)
UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
World Health Organization (WHO)
UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)
UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

14. UN MDG conference concluded Sept
UN MDG conference concluded Sept. 21, renewed effort for next five years:
Ex: “Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health” draws more than $40 Billion in Resources”
“The Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health, identifies finance and policy changes needed as well as critical interventions that can and do improve health and save lives.
Global Strategy lays out approach for global, multi‐sector collaboration.”
Global strategy sets goal to save lives of more than 16 million women and children

15. MDG 2 & 3: universal primary education; gender equality
A girl with a 5th grade education is likelier to:
marry at a later age
have fewer children
decrease her chances of being infected with HIV/AIDS
find employment later in life
seek medical care
vote in her community
gain access to credit

16. Multi-national government organization which provides loans to encourage economic development including for example in rural and urban development, housing, education, health and nutrition.

17. (180 nations)
Provide low-interest loans, interest-free credits and grants to developing countries for investments in education, health, public administration, infrastructure, financial and private sector development, agriculture and environmental and natural resource management.
Our mission: fight poverty with passion and professionalism for lasting results and help people help themselves and their environment by providing resources, sharing knowledge, building capacity and forging partnerships in the public and private sectors.

18. Membership
Over 180 member countries; voting and leadership weighted to countries contribution most shares ($$)
United States, Japan, Germany, France and the United Kingdom are five largest voting countries.

19. International Monitory Fund
“187 member countries, fostering global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.”
Funded through capital subscriptions member that countries pay
Staff are from member countries BUT responsible to IMF and not countries of citizenship

20. IMF Responsibilities
Surveillance: oversees international monetary system; monitors financial and economic policies of its members
Technical Assistance: assist low- and middle-income countries in effectively managing their economies, help design structural policies
Lending: Loans to countries that cannot meet international payments; cannot otherwise find sufficient financing on affordable terms.

21. Current Challenges Reinforcing multilateralism
Ex – G – 20 working toward shared objectives
Rethinking macroeconomic principles
Monetary policy, fiscal policy, regulation, etc.
Stepping up crisis lending
Doubling lending access limits, flexible credit line, modernizing conditionality, etc.
Strengthening international monetary system
Resolving the real and financial imbalances, volatile capital flows and exchange rates, etc.
Supporting low-income countries
Changed lending instruments to meet needs for short-term and emergency support.

22. Non-government Organizations (NGOs)
Tens of millions of local, national, international NGOs. Rapid increase in numbers of organizations over past 10 yrs.
Types of NGOs:
Relief & development
Advocacy
Exchange
International networks of social agencies
Cross-national work of domestic agencies targeting international issues (ISS for example)
Professional associations

23. NGOs
Funding from private donations (up to 25% of those receiving grants from USG)
Contract and grant funding from WB, UN, USAID, PEPFAR, etc. NGOs carry out most work of donor agencies; USAID, WB, PEPFAR, etc.
Perception that NGOs are more innovative, flexible, cost-effective and better able to reach poor grassroots work than governmental agencies.

24. NGOs Structural requirements Public funding / have tax free status
Financial transparency – annual reports, audits to show where $ went
Clearly stated purpose and mission; most likely related to grassroots and hands on activities
Publically elected board of directors
Accountable to local, regional, national publics because of tax free status (501(c)3)

25. International NGOs
Are NGOs examples of belief that problems better solved through private sector?
If NGO receives government $, must it carry out gov. foreign policy priorities?
What are donor agencies working increasingly through NGOs?