2.  Describe the image  ◦ What is it? ◦ What does it measure? ◦ How does it work?

3.  What is it? ◦ Scalar ◦ Provides information about how hot or cold something is  Measured with a Thermometer ◦ Temperature noted on the thermometer is equal to that of the object when the two are in equilibrium ◦ How do thermometers work?

4.  Physical properties of matter can change dependent on temperature  Thermometers follow 1 of the principles ◦ Thermal Expansion of a liquid ◦ Electrical Resistance of a wire ◦ Pressure of a gas (in a fixed volume) ◦ Linear Expansion of Solids ◦ Color of a solid heated to high temperatures  How would you make a thermometer?

5.  Fahrenheit (1724) ◦ Salt:water:ice mixture and body temperature  Celsius (1742) ◦ Freezing and boiling point of water  Kelvin (1848) ◦ Gas Expansion Coefficient and Celsius ◦ Fundamental unit for temperature ◦ At 0 K, all molecules stop moving (theoretically) T C = (5/9) (T F - 32) T K = T C + 273.15

6.  Freezes: 32° F = 0° C = 273.15 K  Boils: 212° F = 100° C = 373.15 K  At standard pressure!  1 atm  760 mm Hg (Torr)  101,325 Pa = 101.325 kPa  1.01325 bar

7. Triple Point – Water, Ice, and Steam exist Critical Point – Above this point, the liquid phase and gas phase merge into 1 phase, a supercritical fluid

8.  For Gases: E K = (3/2)k*T ◦ E K  Kinetic Energy ◦ T  Temperature ◦ k  Boltzmann Constant  k = 1.38 x 10 -23 JK -1  Distribution of KE values

9.  Internal E = PE + KE of all particles within the system  Potential Energy ◦ Bond Energy – energy stored in bonds ◦ Intermolecular forces – attractive energy between particles  Kinetic Energy - movement ◦ Translational - straight line ◦ Rotational – spinning about an axis ◦ Vibrational – back and forth motion centered at a point  Solids – mainly vibrational  Liquids – mainly vibrational, some rotational, little translational  Gases – Mainly translational and rotational

10.  Conduction – Physical contact hot  cold ◦ Particle collisions – no net movement ◦ Gases – slow; Liquids – medium; solids – fast (metals) slow (generally non-metals)  Convection – movement of fluids cold  hot ◦ Only fluids ◦ Density differences in fluids  Hot – more energy, further apart, lower density  Cold – less energy, closer together, higher density  Radiation – light is released and absorbed ◦ No matter necessary for transfer ◦ EX: SUN

11.  Heat – energy that is transferred due to temperature differences  Temperature – measure of AVG. kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance  Internal Energy – total kinetic energy and potential energy associated with forces and bonds among the molecules in a substance.