1. Defensive Proteins Hadley Jones & Jamie Levitt

2. What are they? Destroy disease causing viruses and bacteria Fight against antigens (substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies) Specific shape that binds with foreign substances to attack it Send signals to other parts of the immune system Examples: Antibodies and complement proteins

3. How are they made? In the cell- transcription and translation provide the genes that make the amino acid sequence tRNA- assembles the protein until the ribosome encounters a “stop” codon Protein synthesis- puts the amino acids together that make up defense proteins The cell’s genes represent the amino acid arrangement to make the protein function properly

4. Inside the Cell…. The genes from DNA are expressed through transcription and translation Transcription- the information in a gene’s DNA is transferred to the RNA in the nucleus Translation- takes place in the cytoplasm; the ribosomes read the sequence of mRNA bases tRNA- assembles the protein by connecting codons in protein synthesis

5. Antibodies- Y-shaped so they can attach onto foreign substances (antigens) Highly specialized to recognize specific antigens Binding site on each “arm” of the Y Each binding site is specifically shaped (lock and key fitting) Only antigens that match that binding site will fit and get destroyed

6. Immunoglobulin Made up of glycoprotein molecules (produced by plasma B cells) in response to an immunogen Functions as an antibody Main antibody isotope found in blood and fluids Controls infections of body tissue Rids the body of pathogens

7. IgG Antibodies Most common and most important Circulate in the blood and other body fluids Defend against invading bacteria and viruses Binding with antigens activates immune cells that engulf and destroy antigens Moves easily across cell membrane

8. Amino Acid Sequence of IgG 1 mkhlwfflll vaaprwvlsq vqlqesgpgl vkpsetlslt ctvsggsiss hywswirqsp 61 gkglqwigyi yysgstnysp 61 gkglqwigyi yysgstnysp slksrvtisv etsknqfslk slksrvtisv etsknqfslk ltsmtaadta vyycar

9. ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) Body destroys the platelets as they are made while a typical, healthy platelet is circulates for 9-10 days Can cause internal and external bleeding without injury Symptoms- red dots on skin, large bruises, bleeding in gums

10. IgG use for ITP IVIG (intra venous immunoglobulin) is a treatment for ITP The IgG antibody is used to neutralize the foreign objects such as ITP IVIG is formed by taking IgG antibodies from 2o,ooo donors and mixing them together Infusion IVIG has proven to be effective in immune deficiency disorder like ITP IVIG supplies the antibodies for people who cannot make them

11. SITUATION An ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) (low platelets) antigen is about to invade someone’s blood cells and cause them to have terrible virus for the rest of their life. First group to match all of the antibodies binding sites to the correct antigens stops the ITP antigen and gets a prize!

12. Websites www.morphosys.com/technolo gies/antibodies/function www.morphosys.com/technolo gies/antibodies/function www.science.howstuffworks.c om www.science.howstuffworks.c omghr.nlm.nih.gov www.scienceclarified.com pathmicro.med.sc.edu www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.itpanswers.com www.nplate.com/patient/under standing-itp/symptoms www.nplate.com/patient/under standing-itp/symptoms www.cidpusa.org/ivig.html