1. Political Parties

2. Party Development Why Parties?

3. Historical Parties Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists 1787 to 1792 1787 to 1792 Central Conflict: Ratification of the U.S. Constitution Central Conflict: Ratification of the U.S. Constitution Democratic Republican Party Democratic Republican Party 1792-1828 The Party of Jefferson 1792-1828 The Party of Jefferson Anti-Federalist Roots Anti-Federalist Roots Elected Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe Elected Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe Democratic Party vs. National Republican Party Democratic Party vs. National Republican Party 1828 to 1836 Jacksonian Democrats vs. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay Republicans 1828 to 1836 Jacksonian Democrats vs. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay Republicans Central Conflict: Reform Movement/ Strength of National Government Central Conflict: Reform Movement/ Strength of National Government

4. The Roots of the Republican Party Whig Party Whig Party 1836 to 1854 1836 to 1854 Coalition of business, bankers, and southern plantation owners Coalition of business, bankers, and southern plantation owners Absorbed the NRP Absorbed the NRP Republican Party Republican Party 1854 to present 1854 to present The Party of Lincoln The Party of Lincoln Pro-Industry; Anti-Slavery Pro-Industry; Anti-Slavery

5. The Solid South After the Civil War (1865), the Republican Party (the GOP) won all but four presidential elections until 1932. After the Civil War (1865), the Republican Party (the GOP) won all but four presidential elections until 1932. The Democrats held onto the Southern States, even after FDR nationalized many programs and implemented a progressive agenda (1932 to 1945). Conservative Democrats had nowhere else to turn but were rewarded with leadership positions in Congress. The Democrats held onto the Southern States, even after FDR nationalized many programs and implemented a progressive agenda (1932 to 1945). Conservative Democrats had nowhere else to turn but were rewarded with leadership positions in Congress.

6. Third Parties The Many Kinds of Third Parties The Many Kinds of Third Parties Issue-oriented parties Issue-oriented parties Ideological Parties Ideological Parties Splinter or personality parties Splinter or personality parties The Influence of Third Parties The Influence of Third Parties Political participation Political participation Vote splitting Vote splitting Agenda setting Agenda setting Party Platform effects Party Platform effects

7. Significant Third Party Movements Bull Moose Progressive Party Bull Moose Progressive Party 1912 Theodore Roosevelt’s independent run at the Presidency; thwarted Taft’s reelection; split the GOP 1912 Theodore Roosevelt’s independent run at the Presidency; thwarted Taft’s reelection; split the GOP Splintering of the Democrats Splintering of the Democrats 1948 States’ Rights Democrats: Pro- segregation southern wing of the Democratic Party 1948 States’ Rights Democrats: Pro- segregation southern wing of the Democratic Party 1948 Henry Wallace Progressive Party: Opposed U.S. Foreign Policy; suspected communist influence 1948 Henry Wallace Progressive Party: Opposed U.S. Foreign Policy; suspected communist influence 1968 American Independent Party: George Wallace; pro-segregation 1968 American Independent Party: George Wallace; pro-segregation

8. Modern Third Parties Reform Party Reform Party Organized by H. Ross Perot after his 1992 bid for the presidency Organized by H. Ross Perot after his 1992 bid for the presidency Central Issues: Deficit spending reforms Central Issues: Deficit spending reforms Green Party Green Party Progressive environmental roots but not a national player until 2000 when Ralph Nader headed their ticket Progressive environmental roots but not a national player until 2000 when Ralph Nader headed their ticket Central issues: political reform and economic sustainability Central issues: political reform and economic sustainability

9. Party Votes © 2004 Wadsworth Publishing / Thomson Learning™

10. Partisan Realignments Critical Elections Critical Elections Critical Election Theory (V.O. Key, E.E. Schattschneider) Critical Election Theory (V.O. Key, E.E. Schattschneider) Cross-Cutting Issues Cross-Cutting Issues Associated with major political-economic disruptions in the states (Burnham, Brady) Associated with major political-economic disruptions in the states (Burnham, Brady) The periodicity of critical elections (Burnham) The periodicity of critical elections (Burnham) Geographic factors in realignments (Nardulli) Geographic factors in realignments (Nardulli)

11. Economic and Political Context Antebellum Republican realignments (1856- 60); Northern states Antebellum Republican realignments (1856- 60); Northern states Jim Crow realignments (1876-1904) Jim Crow realignments (1876-1904) Populist Democratic realignments (1892-96); Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado and Washington Populist Democratic realignments (1892-96); Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado and Washington Republican Industrial realignments (1896- 1904) After Panic of 1893; Northeast Republican Industrial realignments (1896- 1904) After Panic of 1893; Northeast New Deal Democratic realignments (1928- 36) Great Depression New Deal Democratic realignments (1928- 36) Great Depression Post WWII Republican realignments (1948- 52) Post-war boom; Southern states Post WWII Republican realignments (1948- 52) Post-war boom; Southern states

12. Institutional Constraints The Self-Perpetuation of the Two- Party System The Self-Perpetuation of the Two- Party System Election Laws Favoring Two Parties Election Laws Favoring Two Parties Institutional Barrier-Winner-take-all electoral system Institutional Barrier-Winner-take-all electoral system Components of the Two Major American Parties Components of the Two Major American Parties The Party in the Electorate The Party in the Electorate The Party Organization The Party Organization The Party in Government The Party in Government

13. What Do Political Parties Do? Selecting Candidates Selecting Candidates Hold Primary Elections Hold Primary Elections Informing the Public Informing the Public Coordinating Policymaking Coordinating Policymaking Checking the Power of the Party in Government Checking the Power of the Party in Government Balancing Competing Interests Balancing Competing Interests Running Campaigns Running Campaigns

14. How American Political Parties Are Structured State and Local Party Organizations State and Local Party Organizations Local Organizations include a ward and precinct Local Organizations include a ward and precinct The National Party Organization The National Party Organization National Convention National Convention National Party Committee National Party Committee National Party Chairperson National Party Chairperson The Congressional Campaign Committee The Congressional Campaign Committee

15. Structure of National Parties © 2004 Wadsworth Publishing / Thomson Learning™

16. Discussion Questions How much power should parties have over their candidates? How much power should parties have over their candidates? Should campaign reforms restrict or enhance party power? Should campaign reforms restrict or enhance party power? Are the parties really different? Are the parties really different? Would a two party system work in Iraq? Why or why not? Would a two party system work in Iraq? Why or why not? Is a partisan alignment underway in the U.S.? Is a partisan alignment underway in the U.S.? Can the Democrats win in 2008? Can the Republicans hold onto their unified control of the legislative and executive branches? Can the Democrats win in 2008? Can the Republicans hold onto their unified control of the legislative and executive branches?