1. Integrity

2. Integrity and ethics: concepts (1)
What does integrity mean to the individual civil servant?
Commitment to work
Competency and ethical character
Transparency, trust and trustworthiness
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3. Integrity and ethics: concepts (2)
Government bodies and administrators act in ways that inspire public trust. It entails competency, transparency, honesty, commitment, ethical standards of public service.
Ethics refers to well founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues.
Higher ethical standard and practices is critical in administering work to gain public trust.
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4. Ethics Framework serving the public interest transparency integrity
legitimacy
fairness
responsiveness
efficiency and effectiveness
Ethics
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5. Ethical vs unethical behaviour
Group work: Video case study
Work in groups and use the video case
Read the case study and discuss:
What is your opinion on the character of Mr. Acharya?
What are the characteristics of an ethical person?
What are the characteristics of an unethical person?
Make notes on paper and be prepared to share their findings verbally in plenary.
You have 30 minutes for group works and plenary.
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6. Key learning points
An ethical behaviour applies to proper conduct. Unethical behaviour is not to abide by the rules of morality.
Being ethical means maintaining integrity all the time and take risks for a good cause
Ethics is more than compliance with rules, regulations etc.
Ethics is subjective and contextual
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7. Consequences of unethical behaviour
What are the consequences of unethical behaviour of civil servants?
Legal consequences
Morale decline and negative image
Trust deficit
Violation of rule of law
Corruption increases
WPE suffer most
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8. Integrity promoting framework
Values and standards
Commitment
Communication
Continuous and consistent actions
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9. Consolidating concepts: integrity, ethics and curbing corruption
What does “zero tolerance to corruption” mean?
What structures and mechanisms are in place in Nepal to control corruption and promote integrity?
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10. Corruption: past and present
Temporary
Exceptional ‘problem’
Wealth and power
Can be eradicated
No positive aspect
Local agenda
Women in corruption control
Singular focus
Cannot be measured
Decentralization, privatization, deregulation are the tools for control
Anticorruption agencies
Aid: a panacea
Democracy
Permanent concern
Universal
Rules and roles
Cannot be totally eradicated
Some positive aspects
Global agenda
Gender and corruption
Demand and supply side anti-corruption
Can be measured
One size does not fit all
Anticorruption agencies: Rhetoric vs Reality
Aid: a challenge
The cancer of corruption and governance

11. Survey findings

12. Frequency-dependent Equilibria
Marginal benefit for a corrupt official
The benefit of an honest official is higher than that of a corrupt official when very few officials are corrupt
The M curve goes up at the beginning when more and more officials are corrupt but ultimately declines
But it declines as the proportion of corrupt officials increases
A, B, & C are 3 equilibrium points. A & C are stable but B is not. It does not pay to be corrupt at A, and honest at C. B is indifferent (between being corrupt and honest).
Marginal benefit for a honest official
No one is corrupt
Proportion of a given total number of officials (or transactions) that is known to be corrupt
Becomes even negative when almost all others are corrupt
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Source: Pranab Bardhan, 1997

13. Collective Action Dilemma
Action: A
Honest
Corrupt
Action: B
(H, H)
(H, C)
(C, H)
(C, C)

14. NASC BAT IG

15. Mechanisms to control corruption and promote integrity:
Legal provisions: civil service act, CS code of conduct, good governance act, RTI act,
Institutional arrangements: NVC, PSC, CIAA, NHRC, National Information Commission, Courts—Regular and special.
Quasi-judicial bodies— tribunals, District Administration Office and authority to CDO
Civil Societies, User Groups, Watchdog Organizations, Media etc.
International commitments, eg: ratification of UNCAC
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16. Solutions and remedies
A ‘lawyer’s approach
Toughening laws & legislations
A ‘businessman’s approach
Offering incentives to officials to disengage from corruption (buy out corruption).
A ‘market’ or an ‘economist’s approach
Introduce or increase competition
An ‘institutional’ approach
Genuine political/leadership commitment

17. Lesson learned from CPI top ranked countries
Administrative culture:
rules are brief, clear and strict
few level of bureaucracy
autonomy on the local level
collective decision system
job security (a public official‘s bread may be thin but at least it is long)
the presence of women in decision making post

18. Lesson learned from CPI top ranked countries
Transparency of the work
Supervision of decision:
- Justice and the Parliamentary
Ombudsman
Law enforcement:
- National Bureau of Investigation

19. Lesson learned from CPI top ranked countries
Social factors:
equality in income
welfare society
high standard of living (the higher the standard of living, the lower the level of corruption)
media

20. Action Punitive Preventive
Education
Reform
Punishment
Punitive
Promotional
Preventive

21. References
Graaf, Gjalt De, 2007, Causes Of Corruption: Towards A Contextual Theory Of Corruption, Public Administration Quarterly,
Jain, Arvind, 2001, Corruption: A Review, Journal of Economic Surveys Vol 15, No.1,
Pinto, Jonathan; Carrie R. Leana; Frits K. Pil, 2008, Corrupt Organizations Or Organizations Of Corrupt Individuals? Two Types Of Organization-level Corruption, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 33, No. 3, 685–709.

22. Thank You
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