1. Wiecek and Young IFRS Primer Chapter 23 Income Taxes: IAS 12

2. 2 Income Taxes Related standards IAS 12 Current GAAP comparisons IFRS financial statement disclosures Looking ahead End-of-chapter practice

3. Related Standards FAS 109 Accounting for income taxes 3

4. Related Standards IAS 1 Presentation of financial statements IAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets IFRS 3 Business combinations 4

5. IAS 12 – Overview Objective and scope Recognition of current tax liabilities and assets Recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets Measurement Recognition of current and deferred tax Presentation Disclosures 5

6. IAS 12 – Objective and Scope IAS 12 addresses the accounting issues related to tax effects of – Current period transactions and events – Unused tax losses or credits – Tax consequences when carrying amounts and tax amounts differ 6

7. IAS 12 – Recognition of Current Tax Liabilities and Assets Current tax = amount of income taxes payable or recoverable on the taxable profit or loss for the period If current taxes payable > taxes paid, then – Income taxes payable If current income taxes payable < taxes paid, then – Income taxes recoverable/receivable 7

8. IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets Underlying assumption of accounting model: – Assets will be recovered for at least their carrying amount – Liabilities will be settled for their carrying amount If there are tax consequences when the asset is recovered or liability settled, this effect should be reported on the statement of financial position now Future tax effect = deferred tax liability or deferred tax asset 8

9. IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets Q. Why a tax consequence? A. Because carrying amount of A & L may differ from their tax amount or tax base = a temporary difference Taxable temporary difference: Taxable income is increased in future when asset recovered/liability settled Deductible temporary difference: Taxable income is decreased in future when asset recovered/liability settled 9

10. IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets 10

11. IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets Example: Installment A/R carrying amount - $40; revenues recognized on sale; taxable when cash received. Tax base = $0 Why is tax base $0? – When the $40 is received (asset’s carrying amount is recovered), it is all taxable. No amount ($0) is deductible from the $40 received. Taxable temporary difference = $40 - $0 = $40 11

12. IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets 12

13. IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets Example: Warranty liability carrying amount - $90; deductible for tax only when warranty expenditures are made. Tax base = $0 Why is tax base $0? – When the obligation is settled, the full $90 is deductible in calculating taxable income. Tax base is carrying amount of $90 less amount deductible in future of $90 = $0 Deductible temporary difference = $90 - $0 = $90 13

14. IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets Future tax consequence (assume tax rate of 40%): – Taxable temporary difference × tax rate* = deferred tax liability – Installment A/R temporary difference of $40 × 40% = $16 deferred tax liability * tax rate – statutory rate when temporary difference is expected to reverse, i.e., enter into calculation of taxable income 14

15. IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets Future tax consequence (assume tax rate of 40%): – Deductible temporary difference × tax rate* = deferred tax asset – Warranty liability temporary difference of $90 × 40% = $36 deferred tax asset * tax rate – statutory rate when temporary difference is expected to reverse, i.e., enter into calculation of taxable income 15

16. IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets Deferred tax assets – Result from deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses/credits – Rely on having taxable income in the future in order to benefit – Recognize deferred tax asset only if probable that taxable profit will be available 16

17. IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets Probable that taxable income will be available in future? Consider: – Existence of taxable temporary differences that will reverse in future resulting in taxable income – History of profitability – Tax planning opportunities If so, recognize deferred tax asset and benefit in same year as tax loss; recognize full tax effect on temporary deductible differences. Reassess each B/S date. 17

18. IAS 12 – Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities and Assets Complexities arise with differences between carrying amounts and tax base of – Goodwill – A & L in a business combination – Investments in subsidiaries, associates, joint ventures 18

19. IAS 12 – Measurement Current tax liability – Taxable income × current tax rate = current tax payable Current tax asset – if past taxes can be recouped – Taxable loss × tax rate of past year = current tax receivable/recoverable Current tax asset – if current year’s taxes overpaid = current tax receivable/recoverable 19

20. IAS 12 – Measurement Deferred tax assets and liabilities – Measured on an undiscounted basis – Use tax rates for period when asset is expected to be recovered or liability settled – Use rates based on laws enacted or substantively enacted at B/S date – Use average rates expected to apply to taxable profit/loss in period of expected reversal of temporary difference – Review carrying amount of deferred tax assets at each reporting date 20

21. IAS 12 – Recognition of Current and Deferred Tax Recognize current and deferred taxes in profit or loss unless – The related income or expense is recognized elsewhere such as OCI or directly in other equity item – Tax results from a business combination 21

22. IAS 12 – Presentation Classification - deferred taxes are non- current A/L (IAS 1) Offsetting - both for current and deferred: only if same taxation authority, legal right to offset, intent is to settle net or at same time Tax expense includes both current and deferred taxes Report tax expense on profit or loss separately from tax expense in OCI 22

23. IAS 12 – Disclosures Report separately the major components of tax expense or income – Current tax expense/income – Adjustments for current tax of other periods – Deferred tax expense/income from each type of temporary difference or change in tax rates or new taxes – Benefits recognized currently from previously unrecognized tax losses/credits, or other temporary differences 23

24. IAS 12 – Disclosures Report (continued) – Tax expense recognized directly in equity and in each component of OCI – Reconciliation of expected tax rate to effective tax rate – Tax expense for discontinued op’ns – separately for operating results and other gain or loss 24

25. IAS 12 – Disclosures Related to statement of financial position: Amount of deferred tax asset/liability for each type of temporary difference Deductible temporary differences and other balances with unrecognized deferred tax assets Nature of evidence supporting recognition of uncertain deferred tax assets 25

26. Current GAAP Comparisons Pages 29 to 30 of 49 of http://www.ey.com/Global/assets.nsf/International/IFRS _US_GAAP_vs_IFRS/$file/US_GAAP_vs_IFRS.pdf Pages 94 to 98 of 164 of http://www.kpmg.co.uk/pubs/IFRScomparedtoU.S.GAA PAnOverview(2008).pdf 26

27. IFRS Financial Statement Disclosures The Nestlé Group http://www.nestle.com/Resource.axd?Id=24E5A5E2-93F8-43A3- 956E-0F259448CB90http://www.nestle.com/Resource.axd?Id=24E5A5E2-93F8-43A3- 956E-0F259448CB90 Accounting policy for taxPage 16 of 118 Income statement related disclosuresPage 31 of 118 Deferred tax assets and liabilitiesPage 55 of 118 27

28. Looking Ahead Income taxes – part of short-term convergence project with FASB Both IASB and FASB have agreed on many changes to eliminate exceptions to general principles in the standards IASB issued an exposure draft in 2009 and expects to issue final standard in 2010 Exposure draft is for new draft IFRS, not amendments to IAS 12 28

29. Looking Ahead Proposed changes likely in exposure draft – Tax base becomes a measurement attribute – Existing non-recognition of deferred tax assets/liabilities in specific cases to be eliminated – Clarification of substantively enacted tax rate – Change from non-recognition of deferred tax assets (when not probable of realization) to recognition with an associated valuation allowance account – Probable will be defined as ‘more likely than not’ 29

30. Looking Ahead Proposed changes (continued) – Continuation of allocating tax expense/income among P&L, OCI and equity, but subsequent changes will go through P&L – Balance sheet classification of deferred taxes to mirror U.S. requirements – Uncertain tax positions will be addressed – using an expected outcome measure and changes recognized in continuing operations – Disclosures added; others removed – Reconciliation will be of parent company statutory rate to effective rate 30

31. End-of-Chapter Practice 23-1 IAS 12 provides much more guidance on the recognition and measurement of the tax effects derived from deductible temporary differences than for the benefits from taxable temporary differences. Instructions Write a short paragraph to explain this situation. 31

32. End-of-Chapter Practice 23-2 Listed below are a number of situations that affect the financial statements. 1. Development costs have been capitalized on the statement of financial position and are being amortized to profit or loss over three years, but deducted as an expense for tax purposes as incurred. 2. Revenue is recognized as goods are delivered for financial reporting purposes, but on a cash basis for tax purposes. 3. An entity borrows money and pays a transaction fee on the amount borrowed. The transaction costs are added to the debt and amortized using the effective interest method for financial reporting purposes, although they were deducted when they were paid for tax purposes. 4. Pension expense is charged to profit or loss each period although tax legislation allows entities to deduct only the contributions to the pension trustee to be deducted for tax purposes. Expenses have always exceeded the contributions. 5. Investment property is measured according to the revaluation model for financial reporting purpose, resulting in valuations in excess of original cost. This method is not permitted for tax purposes. Instructions For each situation described above, indicate whether the company has a deductible or a taxable temporary difference and whether it will result in the recognition of a deferred tax asset or a tax liability. Explain each briefly. 32

33. End-of-Chapter Practice 23-3 A company buys equipment for $1,000, uses it in the manufacturing of goods for resale, and depreciates it on a straight-line basis over its five-year expected useful life. For tax purposes, the equipment is depreciated at 25% a year on a straight-line basis. Tax losses may be carried back against taxable profit of the previous five years. The tax rate for all years is 40%, and in 2004 the company’s taxable profit was $500. In each year from 2005 to 2009, the company reported profits before depreciation expense and taxes of $200. Instructions a) For each year from 2005 to 2009, determine the company’s taxable profit or loss and the current tax expense recognized. b) For each year from 2005 to 2009, determine the amount of any year-end taxable or deductible temporary difference and the related balance of the deferred tax asset or liability account reported on the balance sheet, and the deferred tax expense reported for the year. c) To the extent possible with the information provided and the results of (a) and (b), prepare a partial statement of comprehensive income for each year from 2005 to 2009. (adapted from Appendix B of IAS 12) 33

34. End-of-Chapter Practice 23-4 In this chapter, flag icons identify areas where there are GAAP differences between IFRS requirements and national standards. Instructions Access the website(s) identified on the inside back cover of this book, and prepare a concise summary of the differences that are flagged throughout the chapter material. 34

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