1. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.0 THE MULTICULTURAL HISTORY OF AMERICAN EDUCATION Chapter 5 Teachers, Schools, and Society A Brief Introduction to Education second edition David Miller Sadker Karen R. Zittleman

2. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICA’S SCHOOLS Middle/High Schools (1950s-Present) 16001700180019002000 Dame Schools (1600) Local Schools (1600s-1800s) Tutors (1600-1900) Itinerant Schools (1700s) Private Schools (1700s-1800s) Common Schools (1830-Present) Latin Grammar Schools (1600s-1700s) English Grammar Schools (1700s) Academies (1700s-1800s) High Schools (1800s-Present) Junior High Schools (1909-Present)

3. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.2 EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES: SEVENTEENTH CENTURY Informal family education, apprenticeships, dame schools, tutors 1635 Boston Latin Grammar School 1636 Harvard College 1647 Old Deluder Satan Law 1687-1890 New England Primer published Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

4. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.3 EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES: EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Development of a national interest in education, state responsibility for education, growth in secondary education 1740 South Carolina denies education to blacks 1751 Opening of the Franklin Academy in Philadelphia 1783 Noah Webster’s American Spelling Book 1785, 1787 Land Ordinance Act, Northwest Ordinance Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

5. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.4 EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES: NINETEENTH CENTURY Increasing role of public secondary schools, increased but segregated education for women and minorities, attention to the field of education and teacher preparation 1821 Emma Willard’s Troy Female Seminary opens, first endowed secondary school for girls. 1821 First public high school opens in Boston. 1823 First (private) normal school opens in Vermont. 1827 Massachusetts requires public high schools. 1837 Horace Mann becomes secretary of board of education in Massachusetts. 1839 First public normal school in Lexington, Massachusetts 1855 First kindergarten (German language) in United States 1862 Morrill Land Grant College Act 1874 Kalamazoo case (legalizes taxes for high schools) 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision supporting racially separate but equal schools Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

6. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.5 EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES: TWENTIETH CENTURY Increasing federal support for educational rights of poor, females, minorities, and disabled; increased federal funding of specific (categorical) education programs 1909 First junior high school in Berkeley, California 1919 Progressive education programs 1932 New Deal education programs 1944 G.I. Bill of Rights 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court decision outlawing racial segregation in schools 1957 Sputnik leads to increased federal education funds. 1958 National Defense Education Act funds science, math, and foreign language programs. 1964—1965 Job Corps and Head Start are funded. Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

7. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.6 EDUCATIONAL MILESTONES: TWENTIETH CENTURY (CONTINUED) 1964—1965 Job Corps and Head Start are funded. 1972 Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in schools. 1975, 1991 Public Law 94-142, Education for All Handicapped Children Act (renamed the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act), is passed. 1979 Cabinet-level Department of Education is established. 2001 No Child Left Behind Act calls for state standards and annual testing. Source: Compiled from Edward King, Salient Dates in American Education, 1635-1964 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 1994.

8. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.7 DIVERSITY AND EDUCATION Group Key Points Student Generated Responses African Americans Arab Americans Asian/Pacific Americans European Americans Hispanics Native Americans Other(s)

9. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.8 THE GROWTH OF THE U.S. HIGH SCHOOL Year 14 to 17 Year-Olds in School (Percentage of Total) 18906.7 191015.4 193051.4 195076.8 197092.7 198091.0 199094.0 200095.7 Source: Projections of Education Statistics to 2000, U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, NCES 89-948.

10. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.9 JOHN DEWEY QUOTATION To “learn from experience” is to make a backward and forward connection between what we do to things and what we enjoy or suffer from things in consequence. Source: Some Favorite Quotes from John Dewey, http://cuip.uchicago.edu/~cac/dewey.html

11. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.10 SELECTED FEDERAL LEGISLATION 1785, 1787LAND ORDINANCE ACT AND NORTHWEST ORDINANCE 1862, 1890MORRILL ACTS (LAND GRANT COLLEGES) 1917SMITH-HUGHES ACT 1944SERVICEMEN’S READJUSTMENT ACT (G.I. BILL) 1958NATIONAL DEFENSE EDUCATION ACT (NDEA) 1964-1965PROJECT HEAD START 1965ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT (ESEA) 1968BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT 1972TITLE IX (OF THE EDUCATION AMENDMENTS) 1975INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACT (IDEA) 2001NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT

12. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.11 PERCENTAGE OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS IN HYPER-SEGREGATED SCHOOLS Source: “Deepening Segregation in America’s Public Schools,” April 1997, Harvard Project on School Desegregation. Data not available

13. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.12 U.S. HISPANIC SUBGROUPS Source: The Hispanic Population in the United States, U.S Census Bureau, May 2007. Figure 5.1

14. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.13 ARAB AMERICAN BY ANCESTRY Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2000 Special Tabulation [www.census.gov/prof/cen2000/doc/sf4.pdf] Figure 5.2

15. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.14 CLASSROOM TIPS FOR NONSEXIST, NONRACIST TEACHING Classroom Organization Segregation Mobility Cooperative education Displays Others? Cultural Cues Eye contact Touching and personal space Teacher-family relationships Others? Interaction Strategies Calling on and questioning students Wait time 1 Wait time 2 Assigning tasks Discipline Others?

16. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education, 2/e. © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 5.15 COST OF SEXISM IN SCHOOLS Females Males Student Generated Responses Academic Psychological and Physical Career and Family