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Chapter 16 Elaborating Bivariate Tables
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Chapter Outline Introduction Controlling for a Third Variable Interpreting Partial Tables Partial Gamma (Gp )
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Introduction Social science research projects are multivariate, virtually by definition. One way to conduct multivariate analysis is to observe the effect of 3 rd variables, one at a time, on a bivariate relationship. The elaboration technique extends the analysis of bivariate tables presented in Chapters 12-14.
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Elaboration To “elaborate”, we observe how a control variable (Z) affects the relationship between X and Y. To control for a third variable, the bivariate relationship is reconstructed for each value of the control variable. Problem 16.1 will be used to illustrate these procedures.
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Proble m 16.1:Bivariate Table Sample - 50 immigrants X = length of residence Y = Fluency in English G =.71
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Problem 16.1: Bivariate Table < 5 yrs resident 5+ yrs resident Lo English Profic 20 (80%) 10 (40%) 30 Hi English Profic 5 (20%) 15 (60%) 20 25 50 The column %s and G show a strong, positive relationship: fluency increases with length of residence.
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Problem 16.1 Will the relationship between fluency (Y) and length of residence (X) be affected by gender (Z)? To investigate, the bivariate relationship is reconstructed for each value of Z. One partial table shows the relationship between X and Y for men (Z 1 )and the other shows the relationship for women (Z 2 ).
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Problem 16.1: Partial Tables Partial table for males. G =.78 < 55 + Lo83%39% Hi17%61%
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Problem 16.1: Partial Tables Partial table for females. G =.65 < 55 + Lo77%42% Hi23%58%
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Problem 16.1: A Direct Relationship The percentage patterns and G’s for all three tables are essentially the same. Sex (Z) has little effect on the relationship between fluency (Y) and length of residence (X).
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Problem 16.1: A Direct Relationship For both sexes, Y increases with X in about the same way. There seems to be a direct relationship between X and Y.
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Direct Relationships In a direct relationship, the control variable has little effect on the relationship between X and Y. The column %s and gammas in the partial tables are about the same as the bivariate table. This outcome supports the argument that X causes Y. X Y
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Other Possible Relationships Between X, Y, and Z: Spurious relationships: X and Y are not related, both are caused by Z. Intervening relationships: X and Y are not directly related but are linked by Z.
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Other Possible Relationships Between X, Y, and Z: Interaction The relationship between X and Y changes for each value of Z. We will extend problem 16.1 beyond the text to illustrate these outcomes.
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Spurious Relationships X and Y are not related, both are caused by Z. X Z Y
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Spurious Relationships Immigrants with relatives who are Americanized (Z) are more fluent (Y) and more likely to stay (X). Length of Res. Relatives Fluency
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Spurious Relationships With Relatives G = 0.00 < 55+ Low30% High70%
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Spurious Relationships No relatives G = 0.00 < 55 + Low65% High35%
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Spurious Relationships In a spurious relationship, the gammas in the partial tables are dramatically lower than the gamma in the bivariate table, perhaps even falling to zero.
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Intervening Relationships X and Y and not directly related but are linked by Z. Longer term residents may be more likely to find jobs that require English and be motivated to become fluent. Z X Y Jobs Length Fluency
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Intervening Relationships Intervening and spurious relationships look the same in the partial tables. Intervening and spurious relationships must be distinguished on logical or theoretical grounds. < 55+ Low30% High70% < 55 + Low65% High35%
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Interaction Interaction occurs when the relationship between X and Y changes across the categories of Z.
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Interaction X and Y could only be related for some categories of Z. X and Y could have a positive relationship for one category of Z and a negative one for others. Z 1 XY Z 2 0 Z 1 + X Y Z 2 -
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Interaction Perhaps the relationship between fluency and residence is affected by the level of education residents bring with them.
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Interaction Well educated immigrants are more fluent regardless of residence. Less educated immigrants’ fluency depends on length of residence. < 55+ Low20% High80% < 55 + Low60%30% High40%70%
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Summary: Table 16.5 Partials compared with bivariate PatternImplicationNext Step Theory that X Y is SameDirectDisregard Z Select another Z Supported WeakerSpurious Incorporate Z Focus on relationship between Z and Y Not supported
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Summary: Table 16.5 Partials compared with bivariate PatternImplicationNext Step Theory that X Y is WeakerIntervening Incorporate Z Focus on relationship between X, Y, and Z Explained in more detail MixedInteraction Incorporate Z Analyze categories of Z Partially supported
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