1. 1 Job Satisfaction (special thanks to Geoff Leese)

2. 2 Objectives: n Understand the relationship between job design and motivation n Describe the Hackman and Oldham Job Characteristics Model n List some steps employers can take to improve motivation n Look at Job re-design, rotation / enrichment / enlargement n Consider the relevance of these theories to jobs in IT These objectives relate to LO 4 – Demonstrate understanding of professional, ethical and legal issues relevant to business and Indicative content – legal and professional issues relating to IT in business.

3. 3 Why do employers worry about job satisfaction? n Reduce staff turnover n Reduce absenteeism n Lower wages n Improve performance

4. 4 Would you apply for these jobs? n BA pilot n Chiropodist n City trader n Pension seller n Teacher n Policeman n Plumber

5. 5 Questions: n What factors in job design contribute to job satisfaction? n How can employers use job design to improve job satisfaction?

6. 6 Hackman and Oldham (1976) – Job Characteristics Model

7. 7 Outcomes n  motivation n  performance n  satisfaction n  absenteeism H + O concluded that to attain these outcomes, 5 core elements had to be present in the job design:

8. 8 Core Elements n Skill Variety n Task Identity n Task Significance n Autonomy n Feedback If these core elements are present, then they contribute to the psychological state of the worker:

9. 9 Critical Psychological States: n Meaningfulness of work n Sense of responsibility for own work n Knowledge of own performance BUT not all workers respond in same way to responsibility etc. Each person has what H + O called their individual “GROWTH NEED”

10. 10 So, how can employers modify jobs? n H+O suggest ‘IMPLEMENTING CONCEPTS’: ä Combine tasks ä Form natural work units ä Develop relationships with clients ä Vertical loading (increase responsibility) ä Open feedback channels

11. 11 Measuring jobs n H + O came up with Motivating Potential Score (MPS) n MPS = skill variety + task identity +task significance * (autonomy) * (feedback) 3 What does this equation mean? Which are the most significant elements? Try it out on these jobs: Ambulance paramedic Telesales operator Careers advisor IT helpdesk Programmer

12. 12 What else do employers do? n Job Rotation n Job Enlargement n Job Enrichment

13. 13 Some famous examples: n Volvo – quality teams

14. 14 What schemes do these employers have? n McDonalds n City Council n NHS n Microsoft n Telesales

15. 15 What about the student experience? n How does H+O’s model apply to student work? n How do your jobs reflect any consideration of job satisfaction? n How can the case study example use the theories of H+O to reduce staff turnover and increase motivation?

16. 16 Objectives Revisited: n Understand the relationship between job design and motivation n Describe the Hackman and Oldham Job Characteristics Model n List some steps employers can take to improve motivation n Look at Job re-design, rotation / enrichment / enlargement n Consider the relevance of these theories to jobs in IT

17. 17 Further Reading n Elliot et al pps 306-308 n Butal et al unit 7 n Bott et al Chapter 8