1. DISASTER EMERGENCY RESPONSE A FOCUS ON SEARCH AND RESCUE AFTER AN EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTION Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

2. PROXIMITY TO LATERAL BLAST VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS (TEPHRA) IN PATH OF VOLCANIC ASH (AVIATION) IN PATH OF LAVA AND PYROCLASTIC FLOWS IN PATH OF A LAHAR INADEQUATE EVACUATION CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER CASE HISTORIES

3. COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS NATURAL HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY IENCE FOUR PILLARS OF RESILIENCE

4. A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN A CITY’S PUBLIC POLICIES ALLOW IT TO BECOME … UN—PREPARED UN—PROTECTED UN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY NON—RESILIENT IN THE RECOVERY PHASE

5. THE FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE 3. EMERGENCY RESPONSE (EVACUATION; MASS CARE; SEARCH AND RESCUE; EMERGENCY MEDICAL; EMERGENCY TRANSPORTATION; LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE)…

6. VOLCANO HAZARDS

7. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) VERTICAL PLUME ASH AND TEPHRA LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

8. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) LAVA FLOWS LAHARS EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava) “VOLCANIC WINTER”

9. THE LAHAR Lahar – volcanic landslide or mudflow; a mixture of volcanic debris and water that moves down slopes of the volcano and stream valleys with velocities of 30 to 60 miles/hour

10. EVACUATION IS CRITICAL FOR SAVING LIVES AFTER A LAHAR BECAUSE IT ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE A LIVE RESCUE DUE TO THE HOT MIXTURE OF SOIL AND ROCK THAT OVERWHELM EVERYTHING

11. SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS: Almost impossible when a lahar isolates or buries an entire community.

12. THE CLASSIC EXAMPLE: NEVADA DEL RUIZ, COLOMBIA 1985

13. NEVADA DEL RUIZ, COLOMBIA: NOVEMBER 11, 1985

14. The lahar generated by the eruption of Nevada del Ruiz buried 25,000 people in the city of Armero as they slept.

15. NEVADA DEL RUIZ: COLOMBIA; A 1985 DISASTER

16. ERUPTION OF MOUNT PINATUBO (VEI OF 6) The Philippines June 7, 1991

17. THE PHILIPPINES PLATE s It is a unique plate, because it is surrounded by subduction zones.

18. MOUNT PENATUBO, THE PHILLIPINES: JUNE 1991 Mount Penatubo, the 2 nd largest terrestrial eruption of the 20 th century, generated 200+ destructive lahars.

19. MOUNT PINATUBO Its summit is 1,745 m above sea level but only 600 m above nearby plains and 200 m higher than nearby peaks The indigenous Aeta people live on its slopes as hunter- gatherers

20. TIMELINE FOR DISASTER On July 16, 1990, a M7.8 earthquake hit central Luzon. Its epicenter was 100 km NE of Mt. Pinatubo On March 15, 1991, a series of earthquakes took place on the NW side of Mt. Pinatubo The number of earthquakes continued to increase for 2 weeks On April 2, 1991, small eruptions began and hundreds of small earthquakes occurred every day.

21. TIMELINE (Continued) SO 2 emission increased from 500 tons/day on May 13 to 5,000 tons/day on May 28 The first magmatic eruptions occurred on June 3 The first explosion on June 7 generated a column of ash 7 km high The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) predicted a major eruption within 2 weeks

22. MOUNT PINATUBO: April 1991

23. EVACUATION Evacuation of the 10 km zone began on April 7 Evacuation of the 10- 20 km zone con- taining 40,000 people began on June 7 Evacuation of the 20- 40 km zone contained 331,000 people began on June 14

24. THE CLIMATIC ERUPTION The climatic eruption began at 13:42 on June 15 The most violent phase lasted 3 hours and generated a 34 km high eruption column The ash cloud covered 50,000 sq. miles The eruption ended 9 hours later at 22:30

25. LAHARS AND LOCAL EFFECTS In the first three months after the climatic eruption, >200 lahars occurred About 300 people were killed, mostly by roofs collapsing under the wet ash School buried Church buried

26. LAHARS AND LOCAL EFFECTS 364 com- munities and 2.1 million people were affected >8,000 homes were completely destroyed School buried Church buried

27. MOUNT RAINIER HAS EXPERIENCED OVER 600 LAHARS IN THE PAST A FUTURE TIME BOMB FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, USA DATE TO BE DETERMINED

28. WHAT MAKES A VOLCANO ESPECIALLY DANGEROUS Location and a large explosivity index (VEI) combine to make some volcanoes especially dangerous.

29. LOCATION NEAR CITIES MAKES SOME VOLCANOES VERY DANGEROUS A lahar at some locations is certain to be devastating to people, their property, their health, the community infra- structure, the environment, and the economy.

30. MOUNT RAINIER:WASHINGTON: SEATTLE ENDANGERED

31. COMPUTER MODEL OF MOUNT RAINIER LAHAR

32. MOUNT RAINIER LAHAR SIMULATION

34. LAHAR DIVERSION CHANNELS: CONTROL LAHARS CAN NOT BE PREVENTED FROM OCCUR- RING, BUT THEY CAN BE DIVERTED AWAY FROM URBAN CENTERS.