1. 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves C h a p t e r
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres
Lone Star College - North Harris
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publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2. An Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves
The Adult Human Brain
Ranges from 750 cc to 2100 cc
Contains almost 97% of the body’s neural tissue
Average weight about 1.4 kg (3 lb)
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3. The Brain Four Main Regions of the Brain Cerebrum Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
3D Peel-Away of the Brain
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4. The Brain Cerebrum Largest part of brain
Controls higher mental functions
Divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres
Surface layer of gray matter (neural cortex)
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5. The Brain Cerebrum Neural cortex Also called cerebral cortex
Folded surface increases surface area
Elevated ridges (gyri)
Shallow depressions (sulci)
Deep grooves (fissures)
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6. The Brain Cerebellum Second largest part of brain
Coordinates repetitive body movements
Two hemispheres
Covered with cerebellar cortex
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7. The Brain Diencephalon Located under cerebrum and cerebellum
Links cerebrum with brain stem
Three divisions
Left thalamus
Right thalamus
Hypothalamus
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8. The Brain Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary gland
Relays and processes sensory information
Hypothalamus
Hormone production
Emotion
Autonomic function
Pituitary gland
Major endocrine gland
Connected to hypothalamus
Via infundibulum (stalk)
Interfaces nervous and endocrine systems
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9. The Brain The Brain Stem Processes information between Includes
Spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum
Includes
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata
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10. The Brain The Brain Stem Mesencephalon Pons Also called midbrain
Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes
Maintains consciousness
Pons
Connects cerebellum to brain stem
Is involved in somatic and visceral motor control
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11. The Brain The Brain Stem Medulla oblongata
Connects brain to spinal cord
Relays information
Regulates autonomic functions:
heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion
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12. The Brain
Figure 14–1 An Introduction to Brain Structures and Functions.
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13. Brain Protection and Support
Physical protection
Bones of the cranium
Cranial meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Biochemical isolation
Blood–brain barrier
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14. Brain Protection and Support
The Cranial Meninges
Have three layers:
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Are continuous with spinal meninges
Protect the brain from cranial trauma
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15. Brain Protection and Support
The Cranial Meninges
Dura mater
Inner fibrous layer (meningeal layer)
Outer fibrous layer (endosteal layer) fused to periosteum
Venous sinuses between two layers
Arachnoid mater
Covers brain
Contacts epithelial layer of dura mater
Subarachnoid space: between arachnoid mater and pia mater
Pia mater
Attached to brain surface by astrocytes
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16. Brain Protection and Support
Figure 14–3a The Relationship among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges.
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17. Brain Protection and Support
Figure 14–3b The Relationship among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges.
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18. Brain Protection and Support
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Surrounds all exposed surfaces of CNS
Interchanges with interstitial fluid of brain
Functions of CSF
Cushions delicate neural structures
Supports brain
Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products
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19. Brain Protection and Support
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
CSF circulates
From choroid plexus
Through ventricles
To central canal of spinal cord
Into subarachnoid space around the brain, spinal cord, and cauda equina
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20. Brain Protection and Support
Figure 14–4 The Formation and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid.
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21. Brain Protection and Support
Figure 14–4a The Formation and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid.
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22. Brain Protection and Support
Figure 14–4b The Formation and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid.
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23. Brain Protection and Support
Blood–Brain Barrier
Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation
Formed by network of tight junctions Between endothelial cells of CNS capillaries
Lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, and prostaglandins diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord
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24. Brain Protection and Support
Blood–CSF Barrier
Formed by special ependymal cells
Surround capillaries of choroid plexus
Limits movement of compounds transferred
Allows chemical composition of blood and CSF to differ
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25. Brain Protection and Support
Four Breaks in the BBB
Portions of hypothalamus
Secrete hypothalamic hormones
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Secretes hormones ADH and oxytocin
Pineal glands
Pineal secretions
Choroid plexus
Where special ependymal cells maintain blood–CSF barrier
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26. Brain Protection and Support
Meninges stabilize brain in cranial cavity
Cerebrospinal fluid protects against sudden movement
CSF provides nutrients and removes wastes
Blood–brain barrier and blood–CSF barrier
Selectively isolate brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function
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27. The Medulla Oblongata Figure 14–5a The Diencephalon and Brain Stem.
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28. The Medulla Oblongata Figure 14–5b The Diencephalon and Brain Stem.
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29. The Medulla Oblongata Figure 14–5c The Diencephalon and Brain Stem.
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30. The Medulla Oblongata Figure 14–6a The Medulla Oblongata and Pons.
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31. The Medulla Oblongata Figure 14–6b The Medulla Oblongata and Pons.
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32. The Pons
The Pons
Links cerebellum with mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord
Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII
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33. The Pons Figure 14–6a The Medulla Oblongata and Pons.
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34. The Pons Figure 14–6b The Medulla Oblongata and Pons.
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35. The Pons Figure 14–6c The Medulla Oblongata and Pons.
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36. The Pons
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37. The Pons
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38. The Cerebellum Figure 14–7a The Cerebellum.
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39. The Cerebellum Figure 14–7b The Cerebellum.
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40. The Cerebellum
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41. The Mesencephalon Structures of the Mesencephalon Cerebral peduncles
Tectum
Two pairs of sensory nuclei (corpora quadrigemina):
superior colliculus (visual)
inferior colliculus (auditory)
Cerebral peduncles
Contain:
descending fibers to cerebellum
motor command fibers
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42. The Mesencephalon Figure 14–8a The Mesencephalon.
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43. The Mesencephalon Figure 14–8b The Mesencephalon.
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44. The Mesencephalon
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45. The Diencephalon Thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus
The pineal gland
Found in posterior epithalamus
Secretes hormone melatonin
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46. The Diencephalon The Thalamus The third ventricle
Separates left thalamus and right thalamus
Interthalamic adhesion (or intermediate mass):
projection of gray matter
extends into ventricle from each side
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47. The Diencephalon Figure 14–9 The Thalamus.
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48. The Diencephalon Figure 14–9a The Thalamus.
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49. The Diencephalon Figure 14–9b The Thalamus.
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50. The Diencephalon [INSERT Table. 14.5]
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51. The Diencephalon Figure 14–10a The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section.
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52. The Diencephalon Figure 14–10b The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section.
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53. The Diencephalon
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54. The Cerebrum The Cerebrum Is the largest part of the brain
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55. The Cerebrum Gray matter White matter
In cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
White matter
Deep to basal cortex
Around basal nuclei
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56. The Cerebrum Structures of the Cerebrum Gyri Longitudinal fissure
Increase surface area (number of cortical neurons)
Longitudinal fissure
Separates cerebral hemispheres
Lobes
Divisions of hemispheres
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57. The Cerebrum Structures of the Cerebrum Central sulcus divides
Anterior frontal lobe from posterior parietal lobe
Lateral sulcus divides
Frontal lobe from temporal lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus divides
Parietal lobe from occipital lobe
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58. The Cerebrum Figure 14–12a The Brain in Lateral View.
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59. The Cerebrum Figure 14–12b The Brain in Lateral View.
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60. The Cerebrum Figure 14–12c The Brain in Lateral View.
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