1. Birth of Marine Science

2. Cook’s Expedition
Methodical Scientific oceanography and Exploration were the only goals of these expeditions
Prior sea expeditions were focused on new routes whose goals were financially motivated
____________, invented in 1735, was an accurate clock that was used to determine longitude at sea .

5. He was an agent of the British Navy and was ordered to locate the southern most continent assumed to exist.
It was one of their Exploratory goals
Discovered and explored many islands
One of them was Australia but concluded that it was not the assumed southern continent
Others were New Zealand, Hawaiian islands, West Coast of U.S. and Canada, Bering Strait, Antarctic circle, and many South Pacific Island

6. He never found Antarctica
He had numerous attempts
Died in the Hawaiian islands after a failed attempt to find NW passage connecting Pacific and Atlantic oceans above N. America

7. US exploration
Authorized by Congress in 1836, expedition of five ships were to explore the Southern oceans for almost 4 years

8. It proved the existence of ____________
Lt Wilkes was in charge of _______________________, ____________, i____________, and providing text to document any discoveries
Coasts of S. America, and west coast of the U.S. were among the many lands explored.
________________________, test, and illustrations were included in the final report that documented the expedition discoveries
It proved the existence of ____________

9. The (God) Father of Physical Oceanography
Matthew Maury became established as an authority on ocean exploration
Published detailed research on oceanography and meteorology
Presented a system for recording oceanographic data

10. Published “The Physical Geography of the Sea”
Envisioned worldwide patterns for ____________ and ____________ that could be used to make sailing ____________
Published “The Physical Geography of the Sea”
Considered to be the first text on modern physical oceanography

11. Darwin and the H.M.S. Beagle
5 year voyage as the H.M.S. Beagle’s naturalist led to ultimately circling Earth
voyage provided the observations he used to conclude ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Coral grows in shallow, upper zone seawater, but coral reefs extend much deeper than this zone
They grow from the base up to remain here

12. His observations, especially in the ____________________, led to his theories on Natural Selection and evolution
Published “Origin of Species” in 1859

13. The Challenger I Expedition
First expedition devoted solely to ________________________
Sir Charles Wyville Thomson and Sir John Murray collected physical, geological, chemical, and biological oceanographic data in its 4 year mission
Report took 23 years to complete and 50 volumes

14. Major Accomplishments:
Took first soundings deeper than 4000 m (13,123 ft) in the ____________at 8200 m (26,900 ft)
Also found the ___________________
Captured biological specimens from mid-water and floor bottom with a towed device

15. Discovered marine organisms in the deepest parts of the ocean contrary to popular belief
Sampled and illustrated plankton from locations not previously studied
Identified 715 new genera and 4717 new species
NASA challenger was named in it honor

16. Industrial Revolution
Spearheaded the growth and expansion of marine science
Revolutionary ships made of ____________ and ran with ____________
____________, ____________, and ____________ made useful submarines possible
Increased economic development and warfare motivated oceanographic research

17. 3 major expeditions The German Meteor expedition
Crossed the Atlantic 14 times in 2 years
Collected temperature, salinity, and depth information that established patterns for ocean water circulation, nutrient dispersal, and plankton growth in the Atlantic
Used 67,400 echo-soundings to create first detailed ocean floor map
Used an echo sounder

18. U.S.S. Atlantis
First ship specifically designed and built for ocean studies
Design was based on the Meteor's findings
Confirmed the existence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and mapped it

19. H.M.S. Challenger II
Mission was to measure the depth of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean
Used echo-sounding technology in order to map
Found the deepest known part