1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Michael Hall 9 Managing Your Weight: Finding a Healthy Balance

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Objectives Explain why so many people are obsessed with body size and how to determine the right weight for you. Describe reliable options for determining body fat content. Describe factors that place people at risk for problems with obesity. Discuss the roles of exercise, diet, nutrition, lifestyle modification, fad diets, and other strategies of weight control. Describe major eating disorders and their health risks.

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Determining the Right Weight for You Overweight Body Mass Index (BMI) Obesity: Mildly 20–40% over ideal weight Moderately 41–99% over ideal weight Severely, morbidly, or grossly 100+%

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 9.1 Changes in Obesity Rates, 1991 to 2000 Table 9.1

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 9.2 Selected Health Consequences of Overweight and Obesity Table 9.2

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 9.3 Healthy Weight Ranges Table 9.3

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gender Differences Men: Ideal – 11 to 15% total body fat Women: Ideal – 18 to 22% total body fat

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Assessing Fat Levels Body Mass Index (BMI) formula: Weight (kg) / height squared (m 2 ) or Weight (lbs) x 704.5 / height (in.) / height (in.) 145 lbs x 704.5 = 102,252.5 102,252.5 / 65 in. = 1571.6 1571.6 / 65 in. = 24.1 BMI

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.1 Body Mass Index: Are You at a Healthy Weight? Figure 9.1

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Measuring Body Fat Hydrodensitometry weighing Skinfold caliper technique Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) Near infrared interactance (NIR) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) Computed tomography (CT) Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Circumference and Ratio Measurements Waist circumference: Men <40 inches Women <35 inches Waist-to-hip ratio: Men <1.0 Women <0.8

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Risk Factors for Obesity Higher in minorities Environmental factors: Advertising Fast food Bottle feeding infants Misleading food labels Sedentary lifestyles Automated equipment Computer and TV use Decline in PE requirements in schools

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Heredity Body type and genes Studies of twins: Observe twins separated at birth and raised in different environments Specific obesity genes

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Influence Ob gene Leptin Ghrelin GLP-1

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hunger, Appetite, and Satiety Adaptive thermogenesis Brown fat cells Hunger Appetite

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Developmental Factors Hyperplasia – excessive number of fat cells Hypertrophy – existing fat cells ability to swell and shrink

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.2 One Person at Various Stages of Weight Loss Figure 9.2

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Setpoint Theory Bennett and Gurin stated that a person’s body has a setpoint of weight at which it is programmed to be comfortable. Plateau – the point at which dieters sometimes reach after losing a certain amount of weight

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Psychosocial Factors Food used as a reward Comfort foods Social ritual Clock as a guide for “time to eat”

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Obesity in Youth Fast-food advertising to youth Decline of home cooking Lack of activity

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Metabolic Rates and Weight Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) – the amount of energy your body uses at complete rest About 60–70% of calories consumed per day support BMR

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lifestyle National Health Interview Survey: 4 out of 10 people never engage in exercise Women (43.2%) are more likely to be sedentary than men (36.5%) Race disparities in sedentary lifestyle Education disparities in sedentary lifestyle

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gender and Obesity Women suffer negative consequences because of social stigma of being overweight Women have a lower ratio of lean body mass to fat body mass than men Men have a higher metabolism and burn 10–20% more calories at rest

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Managing Your Weight Keep weight control in perspective Understand calories Add exercise Improve eating habits Determine what triggers your eating behavior Change your eating behavior triggers

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.3 The “Eat” Response Figure 9.3

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Selecting a Nutritional Plan Set realistic goals Reward yourself for meeting goals Seek assistance in selecting a dietary plan Stick to it

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Considering Drastic Weight Loss Measures Miracle diets, fasting, starvation, or other very low calorie diets (VLCDs) have been shown to cause serious health risks Ketosis – low calorie intake forces the body to convert fat into energy Drug treatment – health risks over time Surgery – health risks do exist

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Trying to Gain Weight Eat at regularly scheduled times Eat more Supplement your diet Eat with people you are comfortable with Avoid diuretics Relax

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Binge eating disorder (BED)

30. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 9.4 DSM-IV Eating Disorder Criteria Table 9.4

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Treatment for Eating Disorders First reduce threat to life Long-term therapy involving family, friends, and significant others Focus on psychological, social, environment, and physiological factors Support groups