1. Lecture # 15: The Skeletal System-1
(Chapter 8)
Objectives:
1- Identify the bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons.
2- Describe the general structure and components of the vertebral column.
3- Describe the criteria used to classify joints structurally and functionally.
4- Describe the anatomical features common to all synovial joints, the six types of synovial joints, and the movements allowed at each type.

2. Anatomical Features (markings) of Bones
Projections that help to form joints:
Head of the femur
Head of the humerus
Olecranon process
Process: Any bony prominence
Costal facets
Condyles

3. Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment:
Tibial tuberosity
Trochanters
Linea aspera
Anterior crest
Epicondyle
Condyle
Lesser tubercle
Spine of scapula

4. Passages and cavities:
Depressions:
Alveolus: A pit or socket (tooth socket)
Frontal sinus
Hypophyseal Fossa
Fovea capitis
Fovea: A small pit
Auditory canal
Internal acoustic meatus
Passages and cavities:
Canal: A tubular passage or tunnel in a bone
Superior orbital fissure
Infraorbital foramen
Meatus: An opening into a canal
Alveolus

5. Appendicular Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton

6. Hyoid bone
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic or rib cage

7. Cranial and Facial Bones
Sagittal suture
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Nasal bone
Occipital bone
Lacrimal bone
Squamous suture
Squamous
Region
Maxilla
Lambdoid suture
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic process
Temporal process
External acoustic meatus
Mandibular condyle
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Mandible
Mental foramen

8. Cranial and Facial Bones
Coronal suture
FRONTAL BONE
Squamous suture
PARIETAL BONE
SPHENOID BONE
TEMPORAL BONE
ETHMOID BONE
Zygomatic process
NASAL BONE
LACRIMAL BONE
Mandibular fossa
External acoustic meatus
ZYGOMATIC BONE
MAXILLA
OCCIPITAL BONE
Mandibular condyle
Mastoid process
Styloid process
CRANIAL BONES
MANDIBLE
FACIAL BONES
Lateral view

9. Perpendicular plate of Ethmoid
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Supraorbital foramen
Supraorbital margin
Temporal bone
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid bone
Perpendicular plate of Ethmoid
Middle nasal concha
Infraorbital foramen
Vomer
Zygomatic bone
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Mandible
Mental foramen

10. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Septal cartilage
Nasal septum
Vomer
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Septal cartilage
Supra-orbital foramen
Infra-orbital foramen
Middle nasal concha
Alveolar process of maxilla
Inferior nasal concha
Alveolar process of mandible
Mental foramen

11. Anterior view FRONTAL BONE NASAL BONE PARIETAL BONE TEMPORAL BONE
SPHENOID BONE
LACRIMAL BONE
Middle nasal concha (part of ethmoid)
ETHMOID BONE
ZYGOMATIC BONE
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA
VOMER
MAXILLA
MANDIBLE
CRANIAL BONES
FACIAL BONES

12. Crista galli of ethmoid bone
Frontal bone
Crista galli of ethmoid bone
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Sella turcica
Hypophyseal fossa
Temporal bone
Petrous region
Parietal bone
Foramen magnum
Occipital bone

13. Crista galli of ethmoid bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Optic foramina
SPHENOID BONE
Hypophyseal fossa
Sella turcica
Petrous region of temporal bone
Foramen magnum
OCCIPITAL BONE
Interior view

14. Palatine process
of maxilla
Hard (bonny) palate
Zygomatic bone
Zygomatic arch
Temporal process
Palatine bone
Zygomatic process
Vomer
Sphenoid bone
Mandibular fossa
Styloid process
External acoustic meatus
Occipital condyles
Mastoid process
Foramen magnum
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone

15. Palatine process of maxilla
Hard (bonny) palate
Palatine process of maxilla
PALATINE BONE
Zygomatic arch
Temporal process
Zygomatic process
VOMER BONE
Mandibular fossa
Styloid process
TEMPORAL BONE
External acoustic meatus
Occipital condyles
Mastoid process
Foramen magnum
OCCIPITAL BONE
Inferior view

16. Vertebra Column Functions:
1- Supports the skull and trunk, and allows for their movement
Cervical vertebrae
2- Protects the spinal cord
3- Absorbs stress of walking, running, and lifting
4- Provides attachments for limbs thoracic cage, and postural muscles
Thoracic vertebrae
Cervical curvature
Thoracic curvature
Lumbar vertebrae
Lumbar curvature
Sacrum
Pelvic curvature
Coccyx

17. Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
Scoliosis: It is an abnormal lateral curvature, due to a developmental abnormality in which the body and arch fail to develop on one side of the vertebrae. It is the most common, usually in thoracic region. It is particularly frequent in adolescent girls
Lordosis (swayback): It is an exaggerated lumbar curvature. It is from pregnancy or obesity
Kyphosis (hunchback): It is an exaggerated thoracic curvature, usually from osteoporosis, also osteomalacia or spinal tuberculosis, or wrestling or weightlifting in young boys

18. Intervertebral discs (fibrocartilage) Intervertebral foramina
E. The Vertebral Column
Cervical region (7 vertebrae) C7 T1
T12 L1 L5
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Thoracic region (12 vertebrae)
Intervertebral discs (fibrocartilage)
Lumbar region (5 vertebrae)
Intervertebral foramina
Sacral region (5 vertebrae)
Sacrum
Coccygeal region (3 or 4 vertebrae)
Coccyx
Lateral view

19. Posterior
Spinous process
Superior articular
facet
Transverse
process
Vertebral foramen
Body
Anterior

20. Atlantoaxial joint (pivot joint)
Dens
Axis of rotation
Superior articular
facet ( articulates with the occipital condyle)
Atlas
Transverse
ligament
Axis

21. Occipital
Parietal
Occipital
Parietal
Occipital condyles

22. Bifid tip of spinous process
Cervical Vertebra
Bifid tip of spinous process
Spinous process
Transverse process
Vertebral foramen
Body
Spinous process
Transverse foramen
Body
Transverse foramen
Superior view
Lateral view

23. Thoracic Vertebra Body Superior view Lateral view
Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib
Spinous process
Superior costal facet for head of rib
Vertebral foramen
Body
Inferior costal facet for head of rib
Superior costal facet for head of rib
Spinous process
Superior view
Lateral view

24. Lumbar Vertebra Body Superior view Lateral view Spinous process
Transverse process
Vertebral foramen
Body
Spinous process
Superior view
Lateral view

25. A comparison of vertebrae from cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions
Superior view
Lateral view
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)

26. Intervertebral foramina
Transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae are passageways for vertebral artery (and vein, no shown)
Transverse foramina
Intervertebral foramina are passageways for spinal nerves running to or from the enclosed spinal cord
Intervertebral foramina
Together, the vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae form the vertebral canal , which encloses the spinal cord
Vertebral foramen

27. Superior articular processes
Sacrum and Coccyx
Superior articular processes
It articulates with the last lumbar vertebra (L5)
Sacrum
(Fused components of 5 vertebrae) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Anterior view
Posterior view
Coccyx
(3 to 5 coccygeal vertebrae)
Coccyx

28. True or vertebrosternal ribs (ribs 1-7)
The Thoracic Cage T1
True or vertebrosternal ribs (ribs 1-7) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Costal cartilages
They are connected to the sternum by separated costal cartilages
T12
False ribs (ribs 8-12) 8 9 12 11
Floating or vertebral (11,12) L1 10
Floating ribs

29. The Sternum Anterior view Jugular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body
It articulates with the sternal end of the scapula
Sternal angle
Body
Xiphoid process
Anterior view