7.5: Skeletal Organization

Name: 7.5: Skeletal Organization
Uploaded: 2017-10-08T15:32:17+00:00
Duration: PTM48S11
Channel: Miranda Gray
Description: 7.5: Skeletal Organization

7.5: Skeletal Organization
The actual number of bones in the human skeleton varies from person to person Typically there are about 206 bones For convenience the skeleton is divided into the: Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

Divisions of the Skeleton
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Axial Skeleton Skull Spine Rib cage Cranium Skull Face Hyoid Clavicle Scapula Sternum Humerus Ribs Vertebral column Vertebral column Appendicular Skeleton Upper limbs Lower limbs Shoulder girdle Pelvic girdle Hip bone Carpals Sacrum Radius Coccyx Ulna Metacarpals Femur Phalanges Patella T ibia Fibula T arsals Metatarsals Phalanges (a) (b)

7.6: Skull Is composed of the cranium (brain case) and the facial bones

Cranium Forehead Roof of nasal cavity Roofs of orbits Frontal sinuses
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal Bone (1) Forehead Roof of nasal cavity Roofs of orbits Frontal sinuses Supraorbital foramen Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Squamous suture Supraorbital foramen Sphenoid bone T emporal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Middle nasal concha of the ethmoid bone Infraorbital foramen Zygomatic bone Inferior nasal concha V omer bone Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen

Cranium Side walls of cranium Roof of cranium Sagittal suture
Parietal Bones (2) Side walls of cranium Roof of cranium Sagittal suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mastoid process Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process

Cranium Back of skull Base of cranium Foramen magnum
Occipital Bone (1) Back of skull Base of cranium Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Lambdoidal suture Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Incisive foramen Palatine process of maxilla Zygomatic bone Median palatine suture Frontal bone Palatine bone Sphenoid bone Zygomatic arch Greater palatine foramen Vomer bone Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Foramen ovale Styloid process Foramen spinosum External acoustic meatus Carotid canal Jugular foramen Stylomastoid foramen Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Mastoid foramen Lambdoid suture Temporal bone Condylar canal Occipital bone

Cranium Side walls of cranium Floor of cranium
Temporal Bones (2) Side walls of cranium Floor of cranium Floors and sides of orbits Squamous suture External acoustic meatus Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Styloid process Zygomatic process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mastoid process Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process

Cranium Base of cranium Sides of skull Floors and sides of orbits
Sphenoid Bone (1) Base of cranium Sides of skull Floors and sides of orbits Sella turcica Sphenoid sinuses Lesser wing Optic canal Greater wing Foramen rotundum Foramen spinosum (a) Sella turcica Foramen ovale Transverse section Lesser wing Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Lateral pterygoid plate (b) Medial pterygoid plate

Cranium Roof and walls of nasal cavity Floor of cranium Wall of orbits
Ethmoid Bone (1) Roof and walls of nasal cavity Floor of cranium Wall of orbits Cribiform plates Perpendicular plate Superior and middle nasal conchae Ethmoid sinuses Crista galli Perpendicular plate Crista galli Crista galli Superior nasal concha Cribriform plate Ethmoidal sinuses Middle nasal concha T ransverse section Orbital surface Perpendicular plate (a) (b)

Facial Skeleton Upper jaw Anterior roof of mouth Floors of orbits
Maxillary Bones (2) Upper jaw Anterior roof of mouth Floors of orbits Sides of nasal cavity Floors of nasal cavity Alveolar processes Maxillary sinuses Palatine process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mastoid process Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process

Facial Skeleton Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus

Facial Skeleton ‘L’ shaped bones located behind the maxillae
Palatine Bones (2) ‘L’ shaped bones located behind the maxillae Posterior section of hard palate Floor of nasal cavity Lateral walls of nasal cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Perpendicular portion Coronal section Horizontal portion

Facial Skeleton Prominences of cheeks Lateral walls of orbits
Zygomatic Bones (2) Prominences of cheeks Lateral walls of orbits Floors of orbits Temporal process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mastoid process Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process

Facial Skeleton Medial walls of orbits
Lacrimal Bones (2) Medial walls of orbits Groove from orbit to nasal cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Nasal Bones (2) Bridge of nose Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Occipital bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mastoid process Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process

Facial Skeleton Inferior portion of nasal septum Vomer Bone (1)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Temporal bone Frontal bone Parietal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Frontal sinus Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Crista galli Internal acoustic meatus Cribriform plate Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) Jugular foramen Sella turcica Inferior nasal concha Palatine process of maxilla Hypoglossal canal Styloid process Foramen magnum Maxilla Sphenoidal sinus Mastoid process Palatine bone Vomer bone Mandible Alveolar processes

Facial Skeleton Extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Temporal bone Frontal bone Parietal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Frontal sinus Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Crista galli Internal acoustic meatus Cribriform plate Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) Jugular foramen Sella turcica Inferior nasal concha Palatine process of maxilla Hypoglossal canal Styloid process Foramen magnum Maxilla Sphenoidal sinus Mastoid process Palatine bone Vomer bone Mandible Alveolar processes

Facial Skeleton Lower jaw Body Ramus Mandibular condyle
Mandible Bone (1) Lower jaw Body Ramus Mandibular condyle Coronoid process Alveolar process Mandibular foramen Mental foramen Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronoid process Coronoid process Mandibular foramen Mandibular condyle Ramus Alveolar border Mandibular foramen Body Mental foramen Body Alveolar arch (a) (b)

Infantile Skull Fontanels – fibrous membranes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal suture (metopic suture) Frontal bone Anterior fontanel Sagittal suture Posterior fontanel (b)

7.7: Vertebral Column The vertebral column, or spinal column, consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs.

Vertebral Column Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacral (4-5 fused segments) Sacrum is fused bone Coccygeal (3-4 fused segments) Coccyx is fused bone Cervical curvature Cervical vertebrae Vertebra prominens Rib facet Thoracic vertebrae Thoracic curvature Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar curvature Sacrum Sacral curvature Coccyx (a) (b)

Vertebral Column Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Sacral curvature Rib facets Vertebral prominens Intervertebral discs (IVD) Intervertebral foramina (IVF) Cervical curvature Cervical vertebrae Vertebra prominens Rib facet Thoracic vertebrae Thoracic curvature Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar curvature Sacrum Sacral curvature Coccyx (a) (b)

Typical Vertebrae Includes the following parts: Vertebral body
Pedicles Lamina Spinous process Transverse processes Vertebral foramen Facets

Cervical Vertebrae Atlas – 1st; supports head
Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head Transverse foramina Bifid spinous processes Vertebral prominens – useful landmark Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Facet that articulates with occipital condyle Posterior Vertebral foramen Transverse process Facet that articulates with dens (odontoid process) of axis Transverse foramen Anterior Atlas (a) Anterior articular facet for atlas Spinous process Dens Spinous process Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Body Inferior articular process Transverse process Dens (odontoid process) Axis (b) (c)

Facet for tubercle of rib Superior articular process
Thoracic Vertebrae Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior articular process Long spinous processes Rib facets Pedicle Transverse process Facet for tubercle of rib Body Intervertebral notch Superior articular process Body Inferior articular process Spinous process Transverse process (a) Inferior articular process Spinous process Lamina Intervertebral disc Transverse process Facet for tubercle of rib Superior articular process Vertebral foramen Spinous process Anterior Pedicle Body (b) Posterior (c)

Lumbar Vertebrae Large bodies Thick, short spinous processes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spinous process Lamina Superior articular process Transverse process Pedicle Vertebral foramen Body (c) Lumbar vertebra

Sacrum 4-5 fused segments Median sacral crest
Posterior sacral foramina Posterior wall of pelvic cavity Sacral promontory aka base Area toward coccyx is the apex Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sacral promontory Superior articular process Sacral canal Auricular surface Sacrum Tubercle of median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Anterior sacral foramen Coccyx (a) (b)

Coccyx Aka tailbone 3-4 fused segments
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sacral promontory Superior articular process Sacral canal Auricular surface Sacrum Tubercle of median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Anterior sacral foramen Coccyx (a) (b)

7.8: Thoracic Cage The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum.

b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD
Thoracic Cage Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) Ribs (12) Sternum Thoracic vertebrae (12) Costal cartilages Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs Protects viscera Role in breathing Sternal angle Thoracic vertebra 1 Clavicular notch 2 3 Manubrium True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) 4 5 Body Sternum 6 7 Xiphoid process 8 Ribs Vertebrochondral ribs 9 False ribs Costal cartilage 10 1 1 Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) 12 (a) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD

Ribs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) Humans have 12 pairs of ribs: True ribs (7) False ribs (5), of which: Floating (2) Sternal angle Thoracic vertebra 1 Clavicular notch 2 3 Manubrium True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) 4 5 Body Sternum 6 7 Xiphoid process 8 Ribs There are some anomalies: Cervical ribs Lumbar ribs Vertebrochondral ribs 9 False ribs Costal cartilage 10 1 1 Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) 12 (a) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD

Rib Structure Head – posterior end; articulates with vertebrae
Shaft Head – posterior end; articulates with vertebrae Tubercle – articulates with vertebrae Costal cartilage – hyaline cartilage Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Neck Head T ubercle Anterior end Shaft Costal groove (a) Spinous process Facet T ubercle Neck Head Facet Shaft Anterior end (sternal end) (b)

Sternum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) Three (3) parts of the sternum: Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Sternal angle Thoracic vertebra 1 Clavicular notch 2 3 Manubrium True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) 4 5 Body Sternum 6 7 Xiphoid process 8 Ribs Vertebrochondral ribs 9 False ribs Costal cartilage 10 1 1 Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) 12 (a) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD

7.9: Pectoral Girdle Also known as the shoulder girdle Clavicles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Also known as the shoulder girdle Clavicles Scapulae Supports upper limbs True shoulder joint is simply the articulation of the humerus and scapula Acromion process Acromial end Sternal end Clavicle Head of humerus Coracoid process Sternum Costal cartilage Scapula Rib Humerus Ulna Radius (a)

Clavicles Articulate with manubrium
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Articulate with manubrium Articulate with scapulae (acromion process) A-C joint Acromion process Acromial end Sternal end Clavicle Head of humerus Coracoid process Sternum Costal cartilage Scapula Rib Humerus Ulna Radius (a)

Scapulae Spine Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Acromion process
Coracoid process Glenoid fossa or cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior border Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Acromion process Acromion process Coracoid process Supra- glenoid tubercle Spine Glenoid cavity Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Infra- glenoid tubercle Supraspinous fossa Lateral (axillary) border Infraspinous fossa Medial (vertebral) border (a) (b) (c)

7.10: Upper Limb Humerus Radius Ulna (Interosseous membrane) Carpals
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Humerus Radius Ulna (Interosseous membrane) Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Humerus Humerus Olecranon process Olecranon fossa Head of radius Neck of radius Ulna (c) Radius Ulna Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges (a) Hand (palm anterior) (b) Hand (palm posterior) (d) d: © Martin Rotker

Humerus Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Capitulum Trochlea Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Greater tubercle Head Greater tubercle Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Surgical neck Lesser tubercle Deltoid tuberosity Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea (a) (b)

Radius Lateral forearm bone Head Radial tuberosity Styloid process
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral forearm bone Head Radial tuberosity Styloid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Head of radius Olecranon process Radial tuberosity Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Radius (b) Ulna Head of ulna Styloid process Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius (a)

Ulna Medial forearm bone Trochlear notch Olecranon process
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Medial forearm bone Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Styloid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Head of radius Olecranon process Radial tuberosity Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Radius (b) Ulna Head of ulna Styloid process Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius (a)

Wrist and Hand Scaphoid Proximal phalanx Carpal Bones (16 total bones)
Lunate Triquetral Pisiform Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Radius Scaphoid Ulna Scaphoid Lunate Capitate Capitate Hamate Trapezoid Trapezoid Triquetrum Trapezium Trapezium Pisiform Carpals (carpus) 1 1 Metacarpals (metacarpus) 5 5 2 4 4 2 3 3 Metacarpal Bones (10) Proximal phalanx Phalangeal Bones (28) Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Phalanges Distal phalanx (a) (b)

7.11: Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones (2) Supports trunk of body
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coxal Bones (2) Supports trunk of body Protects viscera Forms pelvic cavity Sacral canal Ilium Sacrum Sacral hiatus Coccyx Ischium Obturator foramen (b) Pubis Sacroiliac joint Ilium Sacral promontory Sacrum Acetabulum Pubis Pubic tubercle Symphysis pubis Ischium Pubic arch (a) c: © Martin Rotker (c)

Hip Bones Also known as the coxae: Acetabulum
There are three (3) bones: 1. Ilium Iliac crest Iliac spines Greater sciatic notch 2. Ischium Ischial spines Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity 3. Pubis Obturator foramen Symphysis pubis Pubic arch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Iliac crest Iliac fossa Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Ilium Ilium Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Obturator foramen Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Obturator foramen Ischium Ischial spine Pubis Pubic crest Ischium Lesser sciatic notch Pubis Pubic tubercle Ischial tuberosity (a) (b)

Greater and Lesser Pelves
Greater Pelvis Lumbar vertebrae posteriorly Iliac bones laterally Abdominal wall anteriorly Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Flared ilium Sacral promontory Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis Lesser Pelvis Sacrum and coccyx posteriorly Lower ilium, ischium, and pubic bones laterally and anteriorly (a) Female pelvis Pubic arch Sacral promontory Sacral curvature (b) Male pelvis Pubic arch

Differences Between Male Female Pelves
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Female pelvis Iliac bones more flared Broader hips Pubic arch angle greater More distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities Sacral curvature shorter and flatter Lighter bones Why? Flared ilium Sacral promontory Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis (a) Female pelvis Pubic arch Sacral promontory Sacral curvature (b) Male pelvis Pubic arch

7.12: Lower Limb Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Femur Femur Patella Fibula T ibia (c) Lateral view Patella Fibula Femur Tibia Lateral condyle Medial condyle Fibula T ibia T arsals (d) Posterior view Metatarsals Phalanges (b)

Femur Longest bone of body Head Fovea capitis Neck Greater trochanter
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Longest bone of body Head Fovea capitis Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Condyles Epicondyles Fovea capitis Neck Head Greater trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Medial condyle Lateral condyle Intercondylar fossa Patellar surface (a) (b)

Patella Aka kneecap Anterior surface of the knee joint
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Aka kneecap Anterior surface of the knee joint Flat sesamoid bone located in the quadriceps tendon Femur Femur Patella Fibula T ibia (c) Lateral view Patella Fibula Femur Tibia Lateral condyle Medial condyle Fibula T ibia T arsals (d) Posterior view Metatarsals Phalanges (b)

Tibia Aka shin bone Medial to fibula Condyles Tibial tuberosity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Aka shin bone Medial to fibula Condyles Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Makes the medial malleolus Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Head of fibula Anterior crest Fibula Tibia Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus

Fibula Lateral to tibia Long, slender Head Makes the lateral malleolus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral to tibia Long, slender Head Makes the lateral malleolus Non-weight bearing Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Head of fibula Anterior crest Fibula Tibia Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus

Foot Tarsal Bones (14) Metatarsal Bones (10) Phalanges (28) Calcaneus
Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral (3rd) cuneiform Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform Medial (1st) cuneiform Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fibula Tibia T alus Medial cuneiform Navicular Metatarsals (metatarsus) Calcaneus Metatarsal Bones (10) Phalanges Calcaneal tuberosity Phalanges (28) Proximal Middle Distal Tarsals (tarsus) (b)

Foot Calcaneus Talus Tarsals (tarsus) Navicular Cuboid
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Calcaneus Talus Tarsals (tarsus) Navicular Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Medial cuneiform 5 4 3 1 Metatarsals (metatarsus) 2 Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges (a)

7.13: Lifespan Changes Decrease in height at about age 30
Calcium levels fall Bones become brittle Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts Spongy bone weakens before compact bone Bone loss rapid in menopausal women Hip fractures common Vertebral compression fractures common

7.5: Skeletal Organization

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