1. The Axial Skeleton

2. Skeletal system includes both:
Axial skeleton
Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
Appendicular skeleton
Pectoral and pelvic girdles
Upper and lower limbs

3. The Skull

4. The cranium Cranial vault or calvaria
Superior, lateral, and posterior walls of the skull
Cranial floor or base
Anterior fossa
Middle fossa
Posterior fossa

5. The skull Consists of the cranium and the bones of the face Sutures
Lambdoid-between occipital and parietal bones
Coronal-between parietal and frontal bones
Sagittal-between parietal bones
Squamous-between parietal and temporal bones

6. The skull

7. The skull

8. The skull

9. Cranial Bones one occipital bone foramen magnum two temporal bones
two parietal bones
one frontal bone
frontal sinuses
glabella
two temporal bones
auditory ossicles
one sphenoid
one ethmoid

10. The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull

11. The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull

12. The Occipital and Parietal Bones

13. Occipital and Parietal Bones
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle
External occipital protuberance
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Supraorbital foramen
Glabella

14. Frontal bone

15. Temporal bone

16. Temporal bone Squamous suture Zygomatic process Zygomatic arch
Mandibular fossa
External auditory meatus
Styloid process

17. Temporal bone is divided in regions
Mastoid process
Mastoiditis
Meningitis
Stylomastoid foramen
Passage for cranial nerve VII
Internal acustic meatus
Passage for cranial nerves VII and VIII

18. The Sphenoid

19. Sphenoid bone
Greater wings
Sella turcica
For the pituitary gland

20. The Ethmoid

21. Ethmoid bone Crista galli Attachment of the dura mater Cribiform plate
Passage of olfactory nerves

22. Ethmoid bone Perpendicular plate
Forms the superior part of the nasal septum
Superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates)
Covered by mucosa
Warms and humidifies the air

23. Facial bones Maxillary bones Mandible Inferior nasal conchae
Palatine bones
Nasal bones
Vomer
Inferior nasal conchae
Zygomatic bones
Lacrimal bones

24. Maxillae Alveolar margim Palatine process- anterior hard palate
Incisive fossa- passage for nerves and blood vessels

25. Maxillary bone

26. Vomer, Zygomatic and Lacrimal bones
Zygomatic bone
articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone forming the zygomatic arch

27. Facial bones

28. Mandible Body- horizontal portion Ramus-vertical portion
Mandibular condyle- articulates with temporal bone
Coronoid process
Angle
Alveolar margin- with sockets for the teeth
Mandibular foramen – site of Novocain injection

29. The mandible

30. The Mandible and Hyoid Bones

31. Cranial Foramens to identify
External view:
Supraorbital foramen-for blood vessels and nerves
Infraorbital foramen-blood vessels and nerves
Mental foramen-blood vessels and nerves
Stylomastoid foramen- nerve VII
Carotid canal-for carotid artery
External auditory meatus-leads to eardrum
Incisive fossa-for blood vessels and nerves
Incisive = i as in hit

32. Cranial Foramens to identify
Internal view
Optic canal -for optic nerve
Superior and inferior orbital fissure
“ROS”
Rotundum- for a branch of V
Ovale-for a branch of V
Spinosum-for middle meningeal artery

33. Cranial Foramens to identify
Foramen lacerum -internal carotid
Jugular foramen -for jugular vein; IX, X,XI cranial nerves
Internal acustic meatus -for VII,VIII
Hypoglossal canal -for XII
Foramen magnum -for spinal cord

34. The Fetal Skeleton

35. Fontanels Anterior or frontal
Palpable for the first 1 ½ to 2 years of age
Posterior of occipital
Closes by the end of the first year of age
Mastoid
Sphenoid

36. Cranial bones Frontal It is parted Temporal
It is incompletely ossified
Presence of ossification centers
Conical protusions on the cranial bones

37. The Vertebral Column

38. Vertebral column 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacrum fused vetebrae
3-5 fused coccyx vertebrae

39. Vertebral column
Intervertebral discs- pads of fibrocartilage between the vertebrae
Nucleus pulposus- central soft region
Annulus fibrosus- outer ring. Collagen fibers
Herniated disc- protusion of the nucleus pulposus

40. Spinal curvatures
Figure 7.16

41. Spinal curvatures Four spinal curves- posterior view
Primary curvatures – present at birth
Thoracic - convex
Sacral- convex
Secondary curvatures – develops after birth
Cervical- concave
Lumbar- concave

42. Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine

43. Structure of a typical vertebra
Body- rounded portion. Anterior part
Vertebral Foramen-for the spinal cord
Transverse process
Spinous process-single and posterior
Intervertebral foramina-it is seen when 2 vertebras are put together. Passage of the spinal nerves

44. Cervical vertebra
Transverse foraminas- only present in cervical vertebrae
Atlas or C1
No body
Join with the head and provides for range of motion (when you nod yes)

45. Cervical vertebra Axis or C2
Odontoid process or dens-allows rotation of the head (when you nod no)

46. Thoracic vertebrae Spinous process-long and downward
Rib facet – for articulation with 1 rib

47. Lumbar vertebrae Massive body
Short and thick and more horizontal spinous processes
No rib facets
No transverse foramem
Superior and inferior articular processes

48. Sacrum Medial sacral crest-remnant of the spinous processes
Alae- formed by fusion of the transverse processes. It articulates with the hip bones
Sacral foramina- passage for blood vessels and nerves
Sacral canal- continuation of the verterbral canal

49. Sacrum and coccyx Sacral hiatus-inferior opening of the sacral canal
Sacral promontory- rim on the anterior and superior part of the sacrum
Coccyx
Attached to the sacrum by ligaments

50. The bony thorax Sternum Manubrium-articulates with the clavicle Body
Xiphoid process-inferior end. Made of hyaline cartilage in children and is ossified in adults
Jugular notch
Sternal angle-between the body and the manubrium

51. The ribs Tubercle – is inferior
Costal groove –depression along the inferior side
Sternal end-articulates with sternum

52. Types of ribs True Ribs 1-7
Attached to the sternum through their own cartilage

53. Types of ribs False 8-12 8-10 are vertebrochondral ribs
Attaches to the sternum indireclty through the cartilage of the C7
11-12 are floating ribs
No attachment to the sternum