1. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Individual Income Taxes 1 Chapter 12 Alternative Minimum Tax

2. 2 The Big Picture (slide 1 of 2) Bob and Carol are unmarried individuals who have been engaged for four months. They work for the same employer and –They earn identical compensation. –They have the same amount of gross income, including the same amount of investment income, which consists solely of interest income. –They have similar investments in tax-exempt bonds that produce identical amounts of interest income. –They also have the same amount of deductions. Carol learns that she paid $15,000 more in Federal income taxes than Bob did for the tax year.

3. 3 The Big Picture (slide 2 of 2) The above events raise a number of interesting questions for Bob and Carol that can be answered after completing this chapter. –Why didn’t Bob and Carol have the same tax liability? –Were both tax returns properly prepared? –Should Carol consider replacing her tax return preparer Eve with Adam? –Is it possible and/or desirable for Carol to file an amended return? –Should Bob do anything? Read the chapter and formulate your response.

4. 4 Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) AMT is separate from, but parallel to, the regular income tax system The AMT computation reconciles taxable income, through adjustments and preferences, with Alternative Minimum Taxable Income (AMTI)

5. 5 Computation of AMT

6. 6 AMT Adjustments And Preferences (slide 1 of 3) Most AMT adjustments relate to timing differences –Timing differences eventually reverse Positive adjustments will be offset by negative adjustments in the future, and vice versa –Example - circulation expenditures For regular income tax purposes, circulation expenditures can be deducted in the year incurred For AMT purposes, however, circulation expenditures must be deducted over a three-year period Certain AMT adjustments do not relate to timing differences –These adjustments result in a permanent difference between taxable income and AMTI e.g., Itemized deductions

7. 7 AMT Adjustments And Preferences (slide 2 of 3) AMT Preferences –Designed to take back all or part of the tax benefits obtained by certain items in the computation of taxable income for regular income tax purposes Taxable income is increased by tax preference items effectively disallowing those tax benefits for AMT purposes

8. 8 AMT Adjustments And Preferences (slide 3 of 3) Tax preferences include: –Percentage depletion in excess of basis –Excess intangible drilling costs –Interest on certain private activity bonds –Excess of accelerated over straight-line depreciation on real & leased personal property placed in service before 1987 –Excess of amortization allowance over depreciation on pre- 1987 certified pollution control facilities –7% of the exclusion from gross income of gains on the sale of certain small business stock

9. 9 Other Components of AMT (slide 1 of 3) Exemption amount –The exemption reduces AMTI to arrive at the base on which AMT is computed –The initial exemption amount is: $48,450 for single $74,450 for married, filing jointly $37,225 for married, filing separately

10. 10 Other Components of AMT (slide 2 of 3) Exemption amount –Exemption amount is reduced by 25% of AMTI in excess of $112,500 for single $150,000 for married, filing jointly $75,000 for married, filing separately

11. 11 Other Components of AMT (slide 3 of 3) AMT rates –A progressive rate structure is applied to the tax base (AMTI less exemption amount) 26% on first $175,000 ($87,500 for married, filing separately) of tax base 28% on remaining amount of tax base –Net capital gain and qualified dividend income included in AMT base are taxed at favorable alternative tax rates (15% or 0%)

12. 12 Personal Tax Credits For tax years 2000–2012 –All nonrefundable personal credits can offset both the regular income tax (less foreign tax credit) and the AMT

13. 13 AMT Adjustments (slide 1 of 15) Adjustments tend to arise from timing differences between regular tax and AMT –Adjustments can be positive or negative, and will generally reverse in later years

14. 14 Adjustments (slide 2 of 15) Circulation expenditures –Amortized over 3 years for AMT Expensed in year incurred for regular tax

15. 15 Adjustments (slide 3 of 15) The AMT depreciation adjustment for real property applies only to real property placed in service before January 1, 1999 For real property placed in service after December 31, 1998, MACRS recovery periods apply for AMT –Thus, the AMT adjustment is effectively eliminated

16. 16 Adjustments (slide 4 of 15) For real property placed in service after 1986 (MACRS property) and before January 1, 1999 –AMT depreciation is computed under the alternative depreciation system (ADS) Uses the straight-line method over a 40-year life –Regular tax MACRS lives are 27.5, 31.5, and 39 years

17. 17 Adjustments (slide 5 of 15) Depreciation of post-1986 personal property –AMT method is 150% DB over ADS life –Regular tax is generally MACRS method based on 200% DB over shorter lives Effective for personalty placed in service after 12/31/98, MACRS recovery periods are to be used for AMT –If 150% DB is elected for this property, there is no AMT adjustment

18. 18 Adjustments (slide 6 of 15) Pollution control facilities –Depreciate under the ADS over appropriate class life for AMT Amortize over 60 months for regular tax purposes –Effective for pollution control facilities placed in service after 12/31/98, MACRS recovery periods are to be used for AMT

19. 19 Adjustments (slide 7 of 15) Mining exploration/development costs and research/experimental expenditures –Amortized over 10 years for AMT Expensed in year incurred for regular tax purposes –Taxpayer may elect to capitalize and amortize over 10 years for regular tax purposes and thus avoid the AMT adjustment

20. 20 Adjustments (slide 8 of 15) Completed contract method –AMT requires the use of percentage of completion method for long-term contracts rather than completed contract method

21. 21 Adjustments (slide 9 of 15) Incentive stock options (ISOs) –The exercise of an ISO can cause income for AMT purposes that is not currently taxable for regular tax purposes Excess of FMV over exercise price is adjustment in year stock is freely transferable or not subject to substantial risk of forfeiture

22. 22 Adjustments (slide 10 of 15) Adjusted gain or loss –Since the adjusted basis of an asset can be different for regular tax and AMT, gain or loss recognized upon the disposition of an asset may vary for the two tax systems –Difference between regular tax gain (loss) and AMT gain (loss) is adjustment

23. 23 Adjustments (slide 11 of 15) Passive activity losses - Not deductible in computing either the regular income tax or the AMT –Passive losses must still be recomputed for AMT using AMT provisions

24. 24 Adjustments (slide 12 of 15) Net operating loss (NOL) –NOL must be recomputed for AMT using AMT provisions

25. 25 Adjustments (slide 13 of 15) Itemized deductions allowed for AMT purposes include: Casualty losses Gambling losses Charitable contributions Medical expenses in excess of 10% of AGI Estate tax attributable to IRD Qualified interest –May differ from regular tax since only qualified residence and investment interest are deductible for AMT

26. 26 Adjustments (slide 14 of 15) Itemized deductions not allowed for AMT: –Taxes and miscellaneous itemized deductions subject to the 2% AGI limit Gross income may include a refund of taxes deducted in prior years as an itemized deduction –A negative AMT adjustment is allowed for such refunds for AMT purposes

27. 27 Adjustments (slide 15 of 15) Other adjustments –AMT does not allow the standard deduction and personal and dependency exemptions

28. 28 Preferences (slide 1 of 5) Preferences tend to arise because of deductions or exclusions that provide substantial tax benefits –Unlike adjustments, preferences can only be positive (i.e., increase AMTI) –Thus, preferences reduce the benefits initially received when computing regular tax

29. 29 Preferences (slide 2 of 5) Percentage depletion –Preference is the amount of percentage depletion taken for regular tax which is in excess of the adjusted basis of the property at the end of the year

30. 30 Preferences (slide 3 of 5) Intangible drilling costs –Deductible currently for regular tax –The AMT preference is computed as follows: IDC expensed in the year incurred Minus: Deduction if IDC were capitalized and amortized over 10 years Equals: Excess of IDC expense over amortization Minus: 65% of net oil and gas and geothermal income Equals: Tax preference item

31. 31 Preferences (slide 4 of 5) Interest on private activity bonds –This interest is not taxable for regular tax purposes but is included in income for AMT purposes –Expenses incurred in carrying these bonds are not deductible for regular tax purposes, but offset the interest income in computing the AMT preference –Interest on private activity bonds issued after December 31, 2008 and before January 1, 2011 is not treated as a tax preference

32. 32 Preferences (slide 5 of 5) 50% exclusion of gain on sale of certain small business stock normally is excludible from gross income for regular tax –For 2009 and 2010, the 50% is increased to 75% –For 2011, the 75% is increased to 100% –For 2012, the percentage reverts to 50% 7% of the excluded amount is a tax preference for AMT

33. 33 The Big Picture - Example 26 Private Activity Bonds Return to the facts of The Big Picture on p. 12-1. Bob and Carol both have invested substantial amounts in private activity bonds all of which were issued in 2010. –A tax preference does not result for either Carol or Bob.

34. 34 AMT Credit AMT attributable to timing differences is AMT Credit –Excess of AMT over AMT computed without timing differences AMT credit can be carried forward (indefinitely) to be used to offset regular income tax liability –Cannot carryback or use against AMT liability

35. 35 Corporate AMT (slide 1 of 4) Major differences in AMT rules for corporations –AMT rate is a flat 20% –Exemption amount is $40,000 Reduced by 25% of amount by which AMTI exceeds $150,000

36. 36 Corporate AMT (slide 2 of 4) Major differences in AMT rules for corporations (cont’d) –Adjusted current earnings (ACE) adjustment Adjustment = 75% × (ACE – AMTI before ACE) ACE employs some earnings and profits concepts but certain differences exist Adjustment can be positive or negative –The negative adjustment is limited to the aggregate positive adjustments under ACE for prior years

37. 37 Corporate AMT (slide 3 of 4) AMT is repealed for small corporations for tax years beginning after 12/31/97 –A corporation is classified as a small corporation if both of the following apply It was treated as a small corporation exempt from the AMT for all prior years beginning after 1997 Average gross receipts for the 3 year period ending before its current tax year did not exceed $7.5 million –$5 million if the corporation had only one prior tax year –However, if a corporation ever fails the gross receipts test, it is ineligible for small corporation classification in future tax years

38. 38 Corporate AMT (slide 4 of 4) A new corporation is automatically classified as a small corporation its first tax year of existence

39. 39 Minimum Tax Credit All of a corporation’s AMT is available for carryover as a minimum tax credit –Does not matter whether the adjustments and preferences originate from timing differences or AMT exclusions

40. 40 Refocus On The Big Picture Bob contacts Adam, his tax return preparer, and explains in an excited voice that he believes that he underpaid his Federal income tax liability for 2012 by $15,000. –He is worried about the negative effects of an IRS audit. Adam examines the two tax returns and discovers that the difference relates to the treatment of the interest earned on the tax-exempt bonds. –Both Bob and Carol own tax-exempt bonds, including private activity bonds that usually are subject to the AMT. –However, Carol’s accountant, Eve, apparently overlooked the fact that interest on private activity bonds is not a tax preference for private activity bonds issued in 2010. So the $15,000 AMT that was reported on Carol’s Form 6251 is in error. –Bob ‘‘texts’’ the good news to Carol that she is eligible for a Federal income tax refund.

41. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41 If you have any comments or suggestions concerning this PowerPoint Presentation for South-Western Federal Taxation, please contact: Dr. Donald R. Trippeer, CPA trippedr@oneonta.edu SUNY Oneonta