1. Look at your mineral water label Where do the dissolved minerals come from? How do you think the minerals affect the water?

2. Hard Water We are learning to: appreciate the problems associated with hard water areas. use observation skills during a practical.

3. Scum and Scale Scum: formed when soap reacts with hard water. You need much more soap to make a lather with hard water, because it reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions in the hard water. Sodium Stearate (soap) Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions (from hard water)  + Calcium stearate and magnesium stearate (scum) Na + ions (soluble in water) +

4. Scum and Scale Scale: formed when hard water is boiled. Limescale can build up in kettles and heating systems. It makes them less efficient because limescale doesn’t conduct heat. Ca 2+ (from hard water) 2HCO 3 -  + CaCO 3 (limescale) H 2 O (water) + CO 2 (carbon dioxide) +

5. What sort of problems would hard water cause in the home?

6. Hard Water We are learning to: appreciate the problems associated with hard water areas. use observation skills during a practical.