1. Chapter 8
Key Issues 2 and 3

2. Warm Up 2/17
The US census shows that the population has continued to move in which direction?
A. South, then east
B. North, then west
C. West, then south
D. North, then east
E. West, then north
Reminders:
Grades due Friday
Make up Test tomorrow
Ch. 8 Reading Notes due Monday
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3. European Colonization 1500-2000

4. UN List of Non-Self-Governing Territories
The US actually owns the world’s most populous colony… Puerto Rico

5. Colonial Possessions Today

6. The world’s smallest colony!
Pitcairn Island
The world’s smallest colony!

7. Shapes of States Shapes of states Five basic shapes
The shape can determine…
Communication
Transportation
Trade
Conflict
Unity within the state
A state can be multiple shapes

8. Compact Theoretically would be the most efficient form because:
Kind of like a circle
Improves communication and transportation
Shortest possible boundaries to defend
Ex: Kenya

9. Prorupted Has an area that sticks out Created for a reason…
Access to resources… ex: coastline or river
To purposefully divide two neighboring states
Could be used to cut off a rival’s access
Namibia’s Caprivi Strip, D. R. Congo
Caprivi Strip

10. Elongated Least efficient shape A state that is stretched out
Makes transportation and communication difficult… everywhere is a long distance away
Creates a long and difficult to defend border
Ex: Mozambique, Malawi

11. Fragmented
Usually made up of islands, or may be separated by another country
A state that is separated into several areas
Makes governing the fragmented areas difficult
Because of Distance Decay and non-friendly countries
Creates disunity within the state
Ex: Angola
Fragment

12. Perforated A state with another state inside… like Swiss cheese
The perforation is called an ENCLAVE.
The surrounded state completely depend on the perforated state for trade (imports and exports)
Ex: Lesotho

13. Landlocked States Most common in Africa (14 of 54)
Bulky goods are still mainly transported by ship (oil, grain, ores, vehicles)
Also in Europe, but difference is much greater economic cooperation

14. Landlocked countries in Africa

15. Landlocked Countries in Europe

16. Warm Up The term “nation-state” would best fit which country?
A. United States
B. Israel
C. Brazil
D. Japan
E. China
TODAY

17. Boundaries & Boundary Problems of States
What is a boundary?
Not just a line on a map
A 3-D plane that divides states
Types of boundaries
Frontiers
Physical boundaries
Cultural boundaries

18. Frontiers
Frontiers-- A belt lying between two states or between settled and uninhabited or sparsely settled areas. (Ex. Arabian peninsula)
Not truly a defined boundary

19. PHYSICAL
Conform to physiographic features in the landscape such as rivers, deserts or mountain ranges (natural boundaries)
Ex > Rio Grande, Pyrenees, Great Lakes of Africa and N. America, the Himalayas in South Asia
China sees Tibet as part of its territory b/c it is north of the Himalayas, thus w/in the natural boundary of China…

20. Cultural Boundaries 1. GEOMETRIC Straight line boundaries
Totally unrelated to any aspects of the cultural or physical landscape.
Ex > African nations, borders between US and Canada to the west

21. Cultural Boundaries 2. Religious ex: Pakistan and India 3. Language
ex: Czech Republic and Slovakia

22. Origin Based Classifications
1. Antecedent :
Boundary formed before present-day human landscape developed
Can be seen on population maps
Ex – Borneo boundary b/w Indonesia and Malaysia

23. Origin Based Classifications
2. Subsequent
These are installed after settlement - but take account of cultural/ethnic/religious/language differences. Some conflict - but minimized
Shows a long process of boundary mods
Ex > Border b/w China and Vietnam

24. Origin Based Classifications
3. SUPERIMPOSED
Forcibly drawn across a unified landscape
Installed after settlement with no regard to culture. colonial boundaries and truce lines
Ex > Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, many former colonies in Africa,
Berlin Wall >>
West Bank Wall/M.E

25. Origin Based Classifications
4. Relic - boundaries that are not currently relevant but have been in the past - and have important cultural/social implications.
Ex > Former boundary
b/w North and South Vietnam

26. Unitary vs. Federal States
Unitary - Countries with highly centralized governments, few internal cultural contrasts, strong sense of national identity and borders that are clearly cultural as well as political. (Ex. Sweden)
Federal - A state with a two tiered system of government and a clear distinction between the powers vested in the central government and those residing in the governments of the component regional subdivisions. (Ex. USA, Poland)
Good for a country with few nationalities, or nation state
Good for a country with lots of different nationalities

27. Gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting one party
Elbridge Gerry, Governor of Mass
Fig. 8-11: State legislature boundaries were drawn to maximize the number of legislators for Republicans in Florida and Democrats in Georgia.

28. Irredentism
A country claiming land currently owned by another country based on common ancestry or historical ownership.