1. Chapter 12

2. A. Industrial boom due to several factors: 1. abundant natural resources 2. govt. supported business 3. urban population = cheap labor 4. rise in population = market for new products

3. InventorInventionDate James WattReliable/Modern Steam Engine1775 Eli WhitneyCotton Gin1793 Robert FultonSteamboat1807 Samuel MorseTelegraph1836 Elias Howe Issac Singer Sewing Machine Improves/Markets Sewing Machine 1844 1851 Henry BessemerProcess for Mass Production of Steel1855 Alexander Graham BellTelephone1876 Thomas Alva EdisonPhonograph & Light Bulb1877/1879

4. A. Govt. makes huge land grants & federal loans to railroad companies Outcome: 1. opened new markets for economy 2. growth of new towns & cities 3. widespread abuse of power by railroads

5. Chinese WorkersAfrican-American Workers Irish WorkersCivil War Vet Workers

8. B. Transcontinental Railroad: Union Pacific & Central Pacific connect east to west on May 10, 1869 Promontory Point, Utah May 10, 1869

9. B. Time Zones: Earths surface divided into 24 time zones to help all railroads share common time 1. United States divided into 4 time zone -Eastern, Central, Mountain, & Pacific

10. A. Abuses by the Railroad: -misuse of govt. land grants -price controls -shipping charges E. Credit Mobilier: a1864 corruption scheme which Union Pacific stockholders formed a construction company to skim off railroad profits for themselves Outcome: - Union Pacific officials pocket 23 million - Kickbacks to govt. officials - Republican Party tarnished

11. B. Granger Laws: laws protecting the farmers & regulating the railroads Example: set maximum rate for shipping goods!! Outcome: Munn v. Illinois(1877)  (upheld the state’s right to regulate the railroads) C. Interstate Commerce Act: govt. has the right to supervise railroad activities - created a 5 member commission to oversee (ICC)