1. Chapter 12

2. A. Industrial boom due to several factors: 1. wealth of natural resources 2. govt. supported business 3. urban population provided cheap labor 4. population provided market for new products

3. A. Edwin Drake: created steam engine drill Outcome: creates an oil boom in the United States B. Bessemer Process: created a new way to produce steel Outcome: new steel uses: barbed wire, railroads, skyscrapers, bridges, machines C. Thomas Alva Edison: created incandescent light bulb and new way to distribute electrical power Outcome: made electricity safer & less expensive D. Christopher Sholes: invented the typewriter Outcome: created new job opportunities for women E. Alexander Graham Bell: invented of the telephone Outcome: opened worldwide communications network

4. A. Govt. makes huge land grants & federal loans to railroad companies Outcome: 1. opened new markets for economy 2. growth of new towns & cities 3. widespread abuse of power by railroads

5. B. Transcontinental Railroad: Union Pacific & Central Pacific connect east to west on May 10, 1869 C. Time Zones: Earths surface divided into 24 time zones to help all railroads share common time 1. United States divided into 4 time zone -Eastern, Central, Mountain, & Pacific

6. D. Gerorge M. Pullman: built factory for manufaturing sleeper & other railroad cars Outcome: creates a town called Pullman, Illinois to control his employees environment and create profit E. Credit Mobilier: an infamous scheme in 1864 which Union Pacific stockholders formed a construction company to skim off railroad profits for themselves Outcome: Union Pacific officials pocket 23 million (kickbacks to govt. officials) reputation of Republican Party tarnished

7. A. Abuses by the Railroad: -misuse of govt. land grants -price controls -shipping charges

8. B. Granger Laws: laws passed to protect the interests of farmers & regulate the railroads Example: set maximum freight rate for shipping goods Outcome: Munn v. Illinois (1877 Supreme Court case which upheld the state’s right to regulate the railroads) C. Interstate Commerce Act: 1887 act passed by Congress which establishes the govt. right to supervise railroad activities; estab. 5 member commission (ICC)