1. Cheryl Denny

2. Behaviorism Cognitivism Constructivism

3. When Behaviorism is Beneficial for Learners Teacher directed instruction Basic skill acquistion Automaticity of Math facts Drill and practice Classroom management Positive reinforcement

4. When Cognitivism is Beneficial for Learners Problem solving Reasoning Guided learning Scaffolding Collaborative groups Modeling

5. When Constructivism is Beneficial for Learners Advanced knowledge Group projects Hands on exploration Class discussions Experiments Research projects

6. Behaviorism Lesson Plan: “Seven Fat Cats” (Utah LessonPlans, 2003) Teacher reads “Seven Fat Cats” Students identify rhyming words

7. Learning Theory – Lesson Plan Lesson Plan for “Seven Fat Cats” (Utah LessonPlans, 2003) Behaviorism Teacher directed instruction Teacher directed activities Basic rhyming skills Sound matching Drill and practice

8. Cognitivism

9. Lesson Plan in Cognitivism Add brain storming map Students identify additional rhyming words Follow up activity Collaborative groups Rhyming word fill in Group discussion Share collaborative group work

10. Behaviorism or Cognitivism

11. Behaviorism or Cognitivism for Lesson Plan Cognitivism Begin with original lesson Expand lesson: include Cognitivism components Encourages Student involvement Reasoning and thinking skills Cooperative learning skills

12. Wiggins Backward Design

13. Identify desired results Individualizes instruction for audience Ensures instruction is viable Acceptable evidence for assessment Verifies learning occurs Plans learning and instruction Hones and drives writing of instruction

14. Strengths and Limitations

15. Strengths of Wiggins Theory Identifies desired results Goals and objectives Established before writing instruction Ensures instruction addresses goals and objectives Identifies assessment process Tailors and directs instruction Planning instruction Maximizes effective learning

16. Limitations of Wiggins State standards Big idea might not include all standards Goals Subject to vagueness Student feedback None required

17. Strengths of Gagne’s Events Gaining attention Engages brain activity Objectives Prepares learner Prior learning Builds on established brain pathways Learner guidance and feedback Encourages students

18. Limitations of Gagne’s Events Instructional planning No step included in model for planning Nine step model Lengthy Laborious

19. Strengths of Teaching for Understanding Generative topics Correlates to students’ interests Understanding goals Can span over a school year Performance of understanding Students demonstrate new knowledge Assessment is ongoing Designer can begin in any order

20. Weaknesses of Teaching for Understanding Design is not extraordinarily structured Guidelines are vague Learner audience More suitable for upper grades

21. Gagne’s Design

22. Engages learners Catches attention Directs instruction by objectives Prepares learners Provides learner guidance Necessary for young learners Elicits practice Crucial for acquisition of basic skills

23. References Utah LessonPlans. (2003, August 8). Seven Fat Cats. Retrieved from http://www.uen.org/Lessonplan/preview.cgi?LPid =5640 http://www.uen.org/Lessonplan/preview.cgi?LPid =5640