1. SURVEY AND GRADING

2. Surface drainage Especially from house Toward drain inlet

3. SURVEY AND GRADING Design berms and slopes

4. INSTRUMENTS OF SURVEYING Tape measure >100’ Feet/inches or feet/tenths

5. INSTRUMENTS OF SURVEYING Builder’s level Tripod mounted “scope” Leveled so view is perfectly level in all directions

6. INSTRUMENTS OF SURVEYING Transit A builder’s level that also measures angles

7. INSTRUMENTS OF SURVEYING Laser levels

8. INSTRUMENTS OF SURVEYING Spinning laser beam and sensor

9. INSTRUMENTS OF SURVEYING Surveryor’s rod, big “yard stick,” to estimate spot elevation

10. INSTRUMENTS OF SURVEYING

11. SURVEY AND GRADING What is elevation ? Height above average sea level

12. SURVEY AND GRADING Benchmark Permanent reference point Manhole cover, curb, fire hydrant

13. SURVEY AND GRADING

14. Contour lines Connect points of similar elevation The closer together contour lines, the steeper the slope The farther apart, the “flatter” the slope

15. SURVEY AND GRADING Contour lines

16. SURVEY AND GRADING What’s elevation of X(a) and X(b)?

17. SURVEY AND GRADING

18. Contour lines based on spot elevations

19. SPOT ELEVATIONS Backsite Reading on benchmark (BM) BM has a known elevation Backsite + Benchmark Elevation = Height of Instrument 6.12’ + 100’ = 106.12’ 106.12’

20. SPOT ELEVATIONS Foresites Readings at unknown elevations Height of Instrument – Foresite = Elevation 106.12’ – 3.98’ = 102.14’ 106.12’ 102.14’

21. SPOT ELEVATIONS Construction stake at spot elevation Mark stake to indicate grade change +0.0 (increase ground level in inches) -0.0 (decrease level) Let’s say a construction plan proposes Foresite A to be 101.00’ The existing elevation was determined to be 102.14’. Existing elevation – Proposed elevation = Grade Change 102.14’ – 101.00’ = 1.14’ +1.14’

22. GRADING Rough grading uses stakes with proposed changes marked

23. GRADING

30. LASER LEVELING Tractor adjusts box leveler according to laser level

31. LASER LEVELING

32. DETERMING SLOPES (39) (V÷H) X 100 = % OF SLOPE Vertical (V) distance between 2 points Horizontal (H) distance V = 3.14’ – 1.21’ = 1.93’ H = 150’ (1.93’ ÷ 150’) x 100 = 1.29%

33. CREATING A SLOPE (%) H X Desired Slope % = Change in Elevation H = 120’ Slope % = 3% (or 0.03) 120’ x 0.03’ = 3.6’ Slope needs to drop a total of 3.6’ to be 3% 3.6’