1. Caesar and Subjunctives Introduction of subjunctive forms, sequence of tenses, purpose clauses, and cum clauses

2. PURPOSE CLAUSES POSITIVE PURPOSE ( POSITIVE MEANS IT HAPPENS) ◦ INTRODUCED BY UT ◦ SHOWS THE PURPOSE OF AN ACTION  EXAMPLE  Plinius scripsit ut laudaret suam uxorem.  Pliny wrote so that he might praise his wife.

3. PURPOSE CLAUSES NEGATIVE PURPOSE ( WON’T HAPPEN) ◦ INTRODUCED BY NE ◦ SHOWS THE PURPOSE OF NOT DOING AN ACTION ◦ EXAMPLE  Cicero comprehendit Catilinae manum ne patriam vastarent.  Cicero arrested Catilina’s band of men so that they would not destroy the country.

4. ADVERBIAL PURPOSE INTRODUCED BY UBI SHOWS WHY THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE HAS DONE SOMETHING EXAMPLE  Cicero tempus exspectabat ubi Catilinam verbis oppugnaret.  Cicero was awaiting a time when he might attack Catilina with words.

5. Relative clause of purpose Introduced by a form of qui, quae, quod Gives the purpose more closely connected with a noun or pronoun than a verb Example ◦ Cicero accepit epistulam quae explicaret Catilinae coniurationem. ◦ Cicero received a letter to explain Catilina’s conspiracy ◦ Cicero received a letter which explained Catilina’s conspiracy.

6. Activity Write four sentences about the Late Republic of Rome. Each sentence must contain a purpose clause. You must write one of each type of purpose clause, label which type you are illustrating, and underline the verb which would be translated as subjunctive

7. Sequence of tenses Primary tenses (present, future, future perfect) Secondary Tenses (imperfect, perfect, pluperfect) If the main verb is a primary tense, use the following subjunctives to show proper relationship to the main verb: same time/after: present subjunctive before: perfect subjunctive If the main verb is a secondary tense, use the following subjunctives to show proper relationship to the main verb: ◦ same time/after: imperfect subjunctive ◦ Before: pluperfect

8. Sequence of tenses Caesar wrote the Gallic Commentaries so that people would not forget him. Sallust wrote so that he might explain the Catiline conspiracy. Brutus was awaiting a time when he might betray Caesar with a knife

9. Application Using sample sentences, determine the tense of each subjunctive verb according to the sequence of tenses.

10. Cum Clauses Temporal: establishes the time when something occurs ◦ Verb will be indicative ◦ Cum translated as when Circumstantial: explain the circumstances under which something occurs ◦ Verb will be subjunctive ◦ Cum translated as since or when

11. Cum Clauses continued Causal: explains the reason something happens  Verb will be subjunctive  cum will translate as since or because Concessive: explains something that may have blocked or hindered the main verb ◦ Verb will be subjunctive ◦ Cum will translate as although

12. Activity Write four English sentences about the Late Republic that can be translated using cum clauses. You should have one of each type and label them appropriately.