1. LCD Monitors Introduction Jan 7 2007 David Thompson

2. LCD vs. CRT LCD Advantage + Size + power + wide screen format + Availability + Brightness LCD Difference –Viewing Angle –Response time (latency) –Resolution (fixed) –Color Gamut –Color Accuracy –Contrast

3. LCD –How it works

5. Variations Electrodes & Circuitry

6. Variations Color Pattern

7. TN Viewing angle Problem

8. Variations – In Plane Switching IPS Technology employs pairs of electrodes at the sides of each cell, running the electric field horizontally through the material. This approach keeps liquid crystals parallel to the front of the panel, increasing viewing angle. (Fujitsu)

9. Variation II - MVA Multi Domain Vertically Aligned Phillips Developed

10. Variations III – PVA Pattern Domain Vertically Aligned Samsung’s variant of MVA

11. Variations Comparison TNIPS Hitachi LgPhillips MVA Fujitsu Chi Mei PVA Samsung View Angle --0 -- +++ Response (Latency) 0 -- +--- - 00 Contrast --- - -- 00 -- + Color --*+ -- ++00 -- + Gamma (Accuracy) --*+++ Cost $-$$$$$$$$-$$$

12. * Color Gamut Trickery 8 bit/ Color channel is Industry Standard –16.7 million colors (256 3) 6 bit/ Color channel is typical for TN type displays (to improve response time) –262 Thousand colors (64 3 ) –“Dither” schemes used to approach 16 million –The SRGB gamut may be covered but a slice through it would look like “Swiss cheese” owing to missing color values. Only the values 4,8,12… would be represented in 8 bit space, so values 5,6,7 for example, would be “approximated” by switching between 4 & 8. ex: 5~:4,4,8; 6~:4,8,4,8; 7~:8,8,4

13. Resolution

14. Choose resolution to fit your needs Unlike CRT, LCD resolution does not “scale” well –Low resolution + big screen >> big pixels –High resolution + small screen >> small pixels (small type, small icons etc.) –Look for a pixel pitch of about.25 -.3 mm to replicate a CRT.

15. Buying a Monitor Contrast - 400:1 minimum –Check for fall-off vs. viewing angle –>600:1 is “fuzzy math” on part of vendor usually high brightness with “gray” blacks Brightness - ~ 200 Cd/m 2 is adequate –Reference: CRT ~100 Cd/m 2 Video Driver – Digital Video Input (DVI) mandatory for adjustment/calibration

16. Buying Cont’d Color- If you care about color, 8bit is mandatory (16.7 million colors advertised does not imply 8bit. Check the specs! –Gamut- Does it match SRGB? At least 95% should be available –Accuracy- “As sold” accuracy may be poor. Can it be corrected? LCD color is stable, so one- time correction may be enough for non-critical work

17. Buying cont’d Low $ promotion monitors will rarely meet all the criteria. –An extra $100 will generally buy much better performance –Try before you buy Dead pixels are allowed and you won’t get a replacement, so don’t take it home! Uniformity is desirable and non-uniformity is not correctable, if an area is noticeably dark, try another

18. References http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/other/display/lcd- guide.html(28 pages!)http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/other/display/lcd- guide.html http://www.behardware.com/ (Monitor reviews)http://www.behardware.com/ http://www.tomshardware.com/graphics/displays/inde x.html (Monitor reviews)http://www.tomshardware.com/graphics/displays/inde x.html http://www.anandtech.com/displays/(Monitor reviews)http://www.anandtech.com/displays/

19. Acronym Glossary DVI – Digital Video Input (as opposed to analog video control) IPS – In Plane Switching (type of display) ITO – Indium Tin Oxide (transparent electrode) LCD – Liquid Crystal Display MVA – Multi-domain vertically aligned (type of display) PVA – Pattern-domain vertically aligned (type of display) TN – Twisted Nematic (type of display) TFT – Thin Film Transistor ( a necessary component of LCDs)