1. 2.2 Anatomy and Biomechanics
Relate anatomy and biomechanics to a physical activity (Badminton)

2. Anatomy Skeletal system Bones Muscles Movement Joints
Agonist/antagonist

3. Bones What bones make up the following joints: Shoulder (3) Elbow (3)
Wrist (3)
Hip (2)
Knee (3)
Ankle (3)

4. Bones Shoulder: clavical, scapula, humerus
Elbow: humerus, radius, ulna
Wrist: carpals, radius, ulna
Hip: pelvis, femur
Knee: femur, tibia, fibula
Ankle: tarsals, tibia, fibula

5. Muscles What muscles move the following joints: Shoulder (4) Elbow (2)
Wrist (2)
Hip (4)
Knee (2)
Ankle (3)

6. Muscles Shoulder: deltoid, pectorals, trapezius, Latissimus dorsi
Elbow: bicep, tricep
Wrist: wrist flexors, wrist extensors
Hip: hip flexors (iliopsoas), gluteals,
Adductors, abductors
Knee: quadriceps, hamstring
Ankle: gastocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior

7. Synovial Joints Freely moveable (lots of movement)
Cartilage and ligament for stability
Synovial membrane (produces fluid)
Synovial fluid (lubricates the joint)

8. Synovial Joints What type of joints are the following: Shoulder Wrist
Ankle
Hip
Knee
Elbow

9. Synovial Joints
Shoulder: ball and socket (lots of movement but can dislocate - poor stability)
Elbow: Hinge (only movement in 2 directions)
Wrist: Ellipsoid (movement side to side and back and forth, good stability)

10. Synovial Joints
Hip: ball and socket (lots of movement but can dislocate - poor stability)
Knee: condyloid (a hinge joint with internal rotation on full extension)
Ankle: Plane (side to side and back and forth, some rotation)

11. Agonist/Antagonist Muscles always work in pairs
One muscles contracts (agonist) and the other one relaxes (antagonist)
e.g
elbow flexion:
biceps (agonist)
triceps (antagonist)

12. Agonist/Antagonist
When these muscles are the agonist which muscle is the antagonist? Pectoral: Biceps Anterior Deltoid: Hamstrings: Gastrocnemius: Abdominals:

13. Agonist/Antagonist Pectoral: Latissimus Dorsi Biceps: Triceps
Anterior Deltoid: Posterior Deltoid
Hamstrings: Quadriceps
Gastrocnemius: Tibialis Anterior
Abdominals: Erector Spinae

14. Joint Movement Flexion: decreasing angle of a joint
Extension: increasing angle of a joint

15. Joint Movement Abduction: moving joint away from the body
Adduction: moving a joint towards the body

16. Joint movement Rotation: moving a bone about a joint
(flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction)

17. Joint Movement Pronation: turning the palm down
Supination: turning the palm up

18. Joint movement Dorsiflexion: moving toes towards the shin
Plantarflexion:
pointing the toes

19. Joint movement What movement is possible at the following joints:
Shoulder (5)
Elbow (2)
Hip (5)
Knee (2)
Ankle (2)

20. Joint movement
Shoulder: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
Elbow: flexion, extension
Hip: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
Knee: flexion, extension, slight internal rotation on extension
Ankle: dorsi flexion, plantar flexion

21. Joint Movement What muscles create the following movement:
Shoulder flexion:
Shoulder extension:
Elbow flexion:
Elbow extension:
Knee flexion:
Knee Extension:
Hip flexion:
Hip extension:
Ankle dorsiflexion:
Ankle plantarflexion:

22. Joint movement Shoulder flexion: deltoid, pectorals
Shoulder extension: deltoid, latissimus dorsi
Elbow flexion: bicep
Elbow extension: tricep
Knee flexion: hamstring
Knee Extension: quadriceps
Hip flexion: hip flexor (iliopsoas)
Hip extension: gluteals
Ankle dorsiflexion: tibialis anterior
Ankle plantarflexion: gastrocnemius

23. Biomechanics Newton’s laws of motion Levers Projectiles
Speed/height/angle of release
Stability (centre of gravity, base of support, line of gravity)
Force summation/timing
Transfer of momentum

24. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law 1: Inertia
An object remains at rest or in motion unless acted upon by a force
Inertia is an objects
tendency to remain
at rest or in motion

25. Newton’s 1st law of Inertis
Give 2 sporting examples of this law: 1. 2.

26. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law 2: Acceleration (F=m x a)
Acceleration of an object is proportional to the force causing it, is in the same direction as the force and is effected by the mass of the object

27. Newton’s laws of motion
cricket ball accelerates in direction of the bat, accelerates depending on how fast the bat is swung and accelerates depending on the size (mass) of the ball

28. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law 3: Action/Reaction
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

29. Newton’s 3rd law of motion
Give 2 sporting examples of the 3rd law: 1. 2.

30. Levers
1st Class:
2nd class:
3rd class:

31. Levers [1,2,3=F,L,E]
1st class: fulcrum between the load and effort e.g seasaw or rowing
2nd class: load is between the fulcrum and effort e.g push up
3rd class: effort is between the load and the fulcrum e.g golf swing

32. 1st class lever
Rowing

33. 2nd class lever
Push up

34. 3rd class lever
Golf swing

35. Levers Draw a diagram to show these levers 1st Class: rowing
2nd class: push up
3rd class: golf swing

36. Projectiles Any object released into the air is a projectile
Projectiles are influenced by:
Gravity: pulls object back to earth
Spin: can change its direction/path
Speed of release: faster = further
Height of release: higher = further
Angle of release: 45 degrees is ideal
Wind: can slow down/speed up object

37. Gravity

38. Spin

39. Speed of release

40. Height of release

41. Angle of release

42. Wind

43. Speed/height/angle of release
Think of a sport when it is beneficial to have each aspect and why:
Fast speed of release:
High Height of release:
45 degree Angle of release:
A minus angle of release:

44. Speed/height/angle of release
Speed: - Javelin run up, cricket bowling
Height: Tennis serve, high jump
Angle: 45 degrees is ideal for most throws
Minus 45 degrees ideal for tennis serve

45. Angle of release 90 45
-45
-90

46. Angle of release What is the angle of release of these:
high jump parachuting
tennis serve long jumping
volleyball block ten pin bowling
shot put springboard diving
badminton smash
soccer pass along the ground

47. Angle of release

48. Angle of release 90 volleyball block 85 springboard diving
75 high jump
45 long jump, shot put
0 soccer pass, ten pin bowling
-30 tennis serve, badminton smash
-90 parachuting

49. Stability Centre of gravity
Point at which all part of a body are equally balanced
Base of support
Area within an objects point of contact with the ground
Line of gravity
Direct line from the centre of gravity to the ground

50. Centre of gravity

51. Base of support

52. Line of gravity

53. Stability *Low *wide *within *balanced *gravity *support
Someone is more __________when they have a ____centre of _______, a ______ base of __________ and a line of gravity that falls _______the body.

54. Force Summation
Using as many body parts as possible in the correct sequence in order to generate the most possible force
e.g a standing throw in discus only uses the upper body. A full turn uses more muscles (lower body) so can generate more force

55. Force summation
Full turn uses all muscles in sequence

56. Force summation Standing turn uses mainly upper body muscles and
not many
lower body

57. Force Summation small force large force
(shoulder-arm-hands) (legs-torso-shoulder-
arm-hands)

58. Momentum Amount of motion an object has
Momentum= mass (kg) x velocity (m/sec)
Linear – in a straight line (running)
Angular – rotating about an axis
(ice skating pirouette)

59. Momentum
Linear
Angular

60. Momentum What is the momentum of the following players:
Player Mass Speed____
A kg m/sec
B kg m/sec

61. Momentum Player A: 80kg x 8m/sec = 640 kg m/sec Player B:
Player A is lighter but running twice as faster so has a lot more momentum

62. Transfer of Momentum
Internal: momentum of one body part being transferred to another
e.g using arms to generate force when vertical jumping, passed onto the legs
External: by using objects to move other objects
e.g cricket bat and ball or arms and ball in volleyball dig