1. Welcome to Arkansas History
Chapter 03- Explorers and Invaders

2. ostentatious - (adjective) overly showy, pretentious.
Bell Work
Agenda: Explorers & Invaders
Homework: read pages
Objective: Students will examine the earliest explorers of Arkansas.
Who fueled the fires of exploration?
What Spanish explorer arrived about 50 years after Columbus?
ostentatious - (adjective) overly showy, pretentious.

4. Time Line People to know… 1492 – 1780 Chief Angaska - Henri de Tonti
John Cabot - Louis Joliet
Columbus
Hernando de Soto - La Salle
Bernard de la Harpe - John Law
Jean Baptiste Filhiol - Marquette

5. Places to Locate Arkansas Post Arkansas River France Great Britain
Mississippi River
Spain

7. Europeans Invade Arkansas
Exploration changes both cultures
Religion
New land
Trade routes
Resources
Knowledge

8. Columbus Fuels the Fire
Columbus told stories of great wealth when he returned to Europe
Other countries followed
England sent John Cabot to find a shorter route to Asia.
England claimed lands in the new world.
Spain, France, Holland, Italy, Great Britain, and Portugal all began to explore and claimed lands to establish trade.

10. Hernando De Soto Conquistadors means, “one who conquers.”
Found large amounts of gold and silver in Mexico, when they landed 50 years after Columbus.
La Florida
600 men wandered across the southeast
Treated natives badly
Stole food and supplies from the Indians
Killed and enslaved many Indians
Greatest fine – Mississippi River but no more great

11. Invading Arkansas Crossed the Mississippi River in the spring of 1541
Found many native villages that they described as impressive.
De Soto hoped to supply his troops.
De Soto told the natives that he was “the son of the sun” and promised to bring rain. It did rain the next day.
The Indians did seem to see de Soto as a god.

12. Problems Continue Short on food and supplies
Lost much of their livestock
Many of his men died from disease or while fighting native groups.
The Tula Indians of western Arkansas were not intimidated by the Spanish and killed many using there long lances used for buffalo hunting.

13. Problems Continue After nearly a year, de Soto died from disease.
His body was wrapped and weighted down and dropped in the Mississippi River.
They didn’t want to let the Indians know that the god, de Soto was dead.
The remaining men fled down the river.
When they reached Mexico, around 300 men were left.
Spain did not return for many years.

15. adulation - (noun) extreme admiration.
Bell Work
Agenda: Explorers & Invaders
Homework: Reading Guide Ch 03- Theme 02
Objective: Students will examine the earliest explorers of Arkansas.
Who crossed the Mississippi River in 1541 to enter Arkansas?
What happened to de Soto?
Word of the Day
adulation - (noun) extreme admiration.

16. Changes for Native Americans
Disease was one of the most devastating changes to Native Americans.
Measles, tuberculosis, mumps, influenza, chicken pox and smallpox.
Their bodies had no immunities to these diseases.
These disease spread quickly and killed many Native Americans.
Killed and enslaved many Native Americans.
The lives enjoyed by many Native Americans were changed forever.

18. Studying Tree Rings
Scientist have also found evidence in tree rings, that they may have experienced severe drought during this time.

19. Legend of the Razorback
Have you ever wondered were we got the Razorbacks?
It is believed that domestic hogs escaped from the Spanish during a storm.

21. French Explorers
With all the difficulties faced by de Soto, the Spanish did not return for nearly 100 years.
The French are going to take advantage of the Spanish absence.
King Louis XIV is going to push for more exploration.
Catholic Priest Jacques Marquette and a fur trapper named Louis Joliet are going to travel down the Mississippi River to explore.

22. French Explorers
Encountered the Quapaw Indians at the confluence of the White and Arkansas Rivers.
Confluence – were two rivers or streams come together.
Wanted to establish good relationship with the Indians, unlike the Spanish.
The French treated the Indians much better.
Two reasons
Religion
Trade

23. French Explorers Welcomed with Warned about the Spanish. a ceremony
a feast
and an exchange of gifts.
Warned about the Spanish.
returned to Canada
believed the Mississippi River went to the Gulf of Mexico.
established good relationship with the Indians

24. The Calumet Ceremony
The Calumet is a decorated pipe on a long stick (peace pipe).
Symbol of peace and friendship
Used to negotiate with others
The men would sit and smoke together.
Dancing and feasting
The Calumet is then given as a gift and to provide protection as they traveled.

26. La Salle Explores Arkansas
Rene’-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle was born to a wealthy French family.
Was a teacher
Moved to New France (Canada)
Studied Indian culture.
Explored and traded with the Indians.
Searched for the mouth of the Mississippi River.

28. La Salle Explores Arkansas
1682 – traveled down the Mississippi River.
Visited the Quawpaw near the mouth of the Arkansas River.
Welcome with a Calumet Ceremony.
Placed a large wooden crossed and claimed the territory for France.
La Louisiane in honor of King Louis XIV
Found the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the land for France.

31. A New French Colony
After returning to New France, La Salle asked for permission to start a new colony.
He was granted permission and supplies but failed to return to the mouth of the Mississippi when they were ship wrecked off the coast of Texas.
1685 settlement established
Fort St. Louis
La Salle was killed by his own men on third attempt to find the Mississippi River.
Henri de Tonti – established the “Arkansas Post” near the mouth of the Arkansas River

32. Life at Arkansas Post
Tonti hoped to established a trading post in Arkansas.
Quawpaw not interested in trapping beaver.
John Law attempted to establish the first post.
(see Bursting the Mississippi Bubble)
Many investors died before reaching the settlement.
Financial problems in Europe crippled the new post.
Early residents included soldiers, farmers, slaves, and trappers.

33. Life at Arkansas Post 1749 Official Census 31 White Settlers 14 Slaves
29 Pigs
60 Cows
29 Bulls and Steers
3 Horses

35. Moving the Post
Reasons why the post moved several time during its first 100 years:
seasonal flooding
fear of attack by British and Indians
mosquito infested conditions and disease
Louisiana Purchase: Arkansas becomes part of the United State.
Today: national memorial and state park.

37. Colonial Arkansas
Mercantilism – created to increase wealth and power through tight economic controls.
Colonies brought wealth into European countries.
Explorers searched for resources to increase the wealth of the mother countries.
Conflict developed between the European countries for control of new lands.
The French struggled to keep control of Arkansas.

38. Trade Goods Trade was difficult to establish in Arkansas.
Early trade included:
Bear oil
Buffalo meat
Buffalo tallow (fat)
Trappers traded beads, iron hatchets, pots, knives, guns, cloth, and blankets for Indian furs.
Deer Skin was the most common fur.
Indians hired to hunt and trade for Europeans.

39. Farming Arkansas Post never became a strong farming community.
Flooding and droughts caused havoc for settlers and farmers.
Quawpaw kept many settlers from starving.
Later improvements made life better but the post continued to need outside supples.

40. Searching for Arkansas Treasure
Legends of gold, silver, and a large emerald rock spread in Europe.
Bernard de la Harpe was sent to find the treasure.
Emerald turned out to be sand stone.
La grande roche or “big rock.”
La petit roche or “little rock.”
La Harpe established a trading post at the site of a Quawpaw village near la petit roche.

41. French and Indian War
1754 – Start of French and Indian War between England and France.
Conflict over territory in North America
“Seven Years War”
Quawpaw helped the French against the British and other Indians.
Prisoners of War kept at the Arkansas Post.
France lost the war and control of its territories in North America.
Spain gains control of the territory

42. Arkansas Post was first settled by the French in 1686.

43. French Names
Many of our towns, rivers, streams, and places were named by the French.
Examples:
Terre Noir
Bayou De Roche
Petit Jean
Bayou Meto

44. The American Revolution
Started not long after French and Indian War.
July 4, 1776 – 13 colonies declare their independence.
The British fought to keep their territory.
Allies in Arkansas
Supported by Spain – used Arkansas Post
British supporters attacked the post after the war was over (they hadn’t heard the news yet.)
Spanish commander was upset with Chief Angaska, a Quawpaw, because he failed to warn the Spanish.

45. Chief Angaska had been tricked some Chickasaw Indians, who said Americans were coming to visit the fort.
Chief Angaska and others tracked the attackers and those captured from the post.
Most of the captured were released and returned to the post.

47. End of Slide Show