1. Developments in Race Relations

2. 19 th C 1840 - Political and military necessity to treat Maori as equals – Belgrave Later – Settlers viewed Maori as an impediment J. Soames (NZ Co.) 1843 – Treaty a ‘praiseworthy device for amusing and pacifying savages for the moment.’ Maori didn’t sell land as fast as expected – belief in native title decreased – 1846 Wasteland policy Commitment to ToW decreased as no. of settlers increased Swainson – Crown had no authority over those that didn’t sign – Rejected – NZ Wars O’Malley 1999 – Land sales mini-treaties – piecemeal extension of sovereignty 1860s – Crown more able to enforce its view of sovereignty – Land sales, population swamping

3. Redress 1870s – 1920s – Limited success using parliament and courts – 1891 Rees-Carroll and 1908 Stout-Ngata Commissions – little impact restraining demand for land – Trust Boards – some success gaining compensation but not return – Taranaki/Tainui confiscations

4. Late 19 th – early 20 th Century Separatists – Kotahitanga 1892, Kingitanga Maori MPs – James Carroll, Hone Heke ‘Young Maori Party’ – Apirana Ngata, Te Rangihiroa (Peter Buck), Maui Pomare No question of accepting govt sovereignty To survive Maori had to abandon traditions that hindered progress in modern world – 1907 Tohunga Suppression Act Ngata – government loans and land consolidation Coates – sympathetic to Maori concerns Sim Commission 1926 – found confiscations were largely unjust

5. Sir Apirana Ngata

7. Maui Pomare

8. Peter Buck

9. WW1 Maori Pioneer Battalion Anti-recruitment - Taranaki, Ngāti Maniapoto and Tainui–Waikato

11. Ngata’s explanation of the Treaty 1922 Worried about Maori protest relying on treaty Already had access to centre of politics – no need to focus on Treaty Ngata had mana – explanation carried weight Ignored Maori version – said Maori had transferred chiefly authority forever Objective – stop Maori wasting energy on protest rather than gaining reasonable benefits from govt allowed in English version Still concerned – customary fishing rights (A2) vs Queen’s Chain and 3 mile limit (A3)

12. Pakeha

13. What’s all this Treaty business?

14. Pakeha understanding Limited understanding of the treaty – limits ability to redress Textbooks – 1888 text - ‘The white race is at present the most powerful. White men are the best scholars and the best workers.’ – NZ Graphic Reader 6 th book 1900 – ‘The rights of the natives under the treaty have been respected and they themselves do not complain that any of its provisions have been unduly strained or arbitrarily set aside’ – Our Nation’s Story 1928 – Treaty ‘the fairest treaty ever made between Europeans and a native race’ Treaty not compulsory until later 20 th C

15. The Cultural Crutch

16. Collective Understanding and Dominant Narratives

20. What does this say about Pakeha knowledge of Maori and the separation of the races?

21. Who matters?

22. Errr...

24. Continuing protest 1941 – Te Hoani Te Heu Heu case – Privy Council ruled that ToW had no force in domestic law – Standard ruling – treaties have no power unless enacted 1945-55 – 10 royal commissions

25. WW2 Service

26. The Price of Citizenship

27. Postwar Urbanisation Increasing pan-tribal unity

28. Maori Urbanisation

29. Dispossession and marginalisation Maori disproportionately labourers, unskilled and jailed 1963 – 93.3% of Maori boys left school without quals vs 67.4% of Pakeha 1967 Maori Affairs Amendment Act and new rating legislation – couldn’t afford to pay rates and could lose land Emphasis on equal rights through integration – Hunn Report 1961 – Did not consult Maori

30. 1960s-70s National – thought uneconomic, fragmented landholdings were holding Maori back – more land acquisition No National Maori MPs until 1975 New Zealand Day 1974 ‘We are all NZers’ – assimilation by another name?

31. Pepper potting

32. Results of losing cultural supports?

33. The new generation New Maori leaders – young, university educated, unionists ‘Maori renaissance’ Challenged Maori compliance with Pakeha – thought it was too accepting of Maori disadvantage

34. Maori Language Petition 1972

35. Context Black Civil Rights movement, indigenous protest in US, Canada and Australia Historiography – Marxist, non-Western and post-colonial approaches – Write ‘missing’ history – Tell story of survival in the face of Western imperialism and culture

36. Nga Tama Toa You protest the Springboks, but is NZ any better than South Africa? Learn NZ history!

37. The Treaty Returns Early protest – saw treaty as a fraud – should be abandoned 1972 Ruth Ross article Maori began to appeal for sovereignty vs Article 2 of the English version Protest to address injustice 1980s – Waitangi Action Group Matiu Rata – Labour Minister of Maori Affairs – urged govt to address grievances

43. Protest 1975 Hikoi – politicised Maori 1977-78 – Bastion Point occupation 1978 – Raglan Golf Course

46. 1975 Treaty of Waitangi Act Created Waitangi Tribunal – appointed by Governor-General Applies only to actions by Crown Recognised both versions and set out the principles – self regulation, redress, duty to consult No privately held land to be returned Have to prove claimants would have been better off without Crown action At first – only contemporary claims 1984 – Retrospective claims Can recommend but not enforce, except return of some land (1988- 90) Have to convince govt of political sense of settlement – change hist for present conflicts Section 7 – No trivial or vexatious claims Section 6AA – No historic claims to be lodged after September 2008

47. Big Claims 1983 – Motonui – sewage outfall contaminated fishing grounds 1984 – Kaituna – Rotorua proposal to divert sewage to river 1986 Te Reo report – Te Reo a taonga – Made an official language 1987 1992 Muriwhenua – Maori given 20% of fishing quota 1998 Ngai Tahu – Land sales - $170 million compensation and resource management rights

48. Land Claims Growing dissatisfaction with ‘grievance industry’ 1994 ‘Fiscal Envelope’ – to appease Pakeha voters – Later dropped 7 th Form History – Less than 1/3 took NZ option Persistent myths

49. Maori language proficiency