1. Elements of Music (continued) Rhythm

2. (General) The ordered flow of music through time (Specific) a pattern of durations of notes and silences in music

3. Beat Regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time In music from the late Middle Ages and Renaissance, the beat was called a tactus If you can tap a steady pulse to a piece of music, then it has a beat –Some music, such as Gregorian Chant, doesn’t have a beat

4. Underlying BEAT structure for “Frere Jacques” (Are you sleeping) Beats 1 2 321 1 2 321 3 4 5 etc.

5. Underlying BEAT structure for “Frere Jacques” (Are you sleeping) Beats 1 2 321 1 2 321 3 4 5 etc. Subdivisions etc.

6. Underlying BEAT structure for “Frere Jacques” (Are you sleeping) 1 2 321 1 2 321 3 4 5 ACCENT - dynamic emphasis of a note

7. Underlying BEAT structure for “Frere Jacques” (Are you sleeping) 1 2 321 1 2 321 3 4 5 S W S W S W Strong Weak

8. Meter Organization of beats into regular groups These recurring patterns most often are grouping of 2, 3, or 4 –2 (Duple) - Example: HAYDN “Surprise” Symphony –3 (Triple) - Example: BRAHMS “How Lovely” –4 (Quadruple) - Example: BEETHOVEN Mvt. 1 from Symphony No. 5

9. IGOR STRAVINSKY “Dance of the Adolescents” from Rite of Spring 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 Accented notes occurring on regularly unaccented beats or subdivisions

10. Syncopation Accenting of a note at an unexpected time, as between two beats or on a weak beat or subdivision –Examples: WILLIAM GRANT STILL Afro-American Symphony PHILIP GLASS “Knee Play 1” from Einstein on the Beach

11. Rubato Slight holding back or pressing forward of tempo to intensify the expression of the music, often used in romantic music –Example: FREDERIC CHOPIN - Nocturne in Eb

12. Dotted Rhythms Long-short rhythmic pattern in which a dotted note is followed by a note that is much shorter –Example: GEORGES BIZET “Faradole” from L’Arlesienne Suite

13. Tempo Basic pace of the music The absolute “speed” of the beat Can be measured or indicated exactly by a Metronome Marking (beats per minute)

14. Tempo Indication Words, usually at the beginning of a piece of music, often in Italian, which specify the pace at which the music should be played

15. Tempo Indication words Largo, Adagio - slow Andante, Allegretto, Moderato - moderately Allegro, Vivace, Presto - fast