1. Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
Instructor: Kevin Brabazon

2. Evaluate the impact of information systems on organizations
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
OBJECTIVES
Identify and describe important features of organizations that managers need to know about in order to build and use information systems successfully
Evaluate the impact of information systems on organizations
Assess how information systems support the activities of managers in organizations

3. Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
OBJECTIVES (Continued)
Analyze how information systems support various business strategies for competitive advantage
Assess the challenges posed by strategic information systems and management solutions

4. The Two-Way Relationship between Organizations
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
The Two-Way Relationship between Organizations
and Information Technology

5. The Technical Microeconomic Definition of the Organization
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
The Technical Microeconomic Definition of the
Organization

6. The Behavioral View of Organizations
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
The Behavioral View of Organizations

7. Organizational Structures
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Organizational Structures
Entrepreneurial structure: Small start-up business
Machine bureaucracy: Midsize manufacturing firm
Divisionalized bureaucracy: Fortune 500 firms
Professional bureaucracy: Law firms, school systems, hospitals
Adhocracy: Consulting firms

8. Environments and Organizations Have a Reciprocal Relationship
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Environments and Organizations Have a
Reciprocal Relationship

9. Information Technology Services
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Information Technology Services

10. Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMPACT ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS FIRMS
Economic Impacts:
IT changes both the relative costs of capital and the costs of information.
Information systems technology is a factor of production, like capital and labor.

11. Economic Impacts: (Continued)
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMPACT ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS FIRMS
Economic Impacts: (Continued)
Transaction cost theory: Firms seek to economize on the cost of participating in markets (transaction costs).
IT lowers market transaction costs for firm, making it worthwhile for firms to transact with other firms rather than grow the number of employees.

12. The Transaction Cost Theory of the Impact of
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMPACT ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS FIRMS
The Transaction Cost Theory of the Impact of
Information Technology on the Organization

13. Firms experience agency costs (the cost of managing and supervising).
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMPACT ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS FIRMS
Agency theory: Firm is nexus of contracts among self-interested parties requiring supervision.
Firms experience agency costs (the cost of managing and supervising).
IT can reduce agency costs, making it possible for firms to grow without adding to the costs of supervising, and without adding employees.

14. Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMPACT ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS FIRMS
The Agency Cost Theory of the Impact of Information Technology on the Organization

15. Flattening Organizations
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMPACT ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS FIRMS
Flattening Organizations

16. Postindustrial Organizations and Virtual Firms
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMPACT ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS FIRMS
Postindustrial Organizations and Virtual Firms
Postindustrial Organizations:
Authority increasingly relies on knowledge and
competence.
Information technology encourages task
force-networked organizations.

17. Use networks to link people, assets, and ideas
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMPACT ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS FIRMS
Virtual Firms:
Use networks to link people, assets, and ideas
Can ally with suppliers, customers to create
and distribute new products and services
Not limited to traditional organizational boundaries
or physical locations

18. Understanding Organizational Resistance to Change:
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMPACT ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS FIRMS
Understanding Organizational Resistance to Change:
Information systems become bound up in organizational politics because they influence access to a key resource.
Information systems potentially change an organization’s structure, culture, politics, and work.
Most common reason for failure of large projects is due to organizational and political resistance to change.

19. Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS IMPACT ORGANIZATIONS AND BUSINESS FIRMS
Organizational Resistance and the Mutually Adjusting Relationship between Technology and the Organization
Source: Reprinted by permission of James G. March.

20. Implications for the Design and Understanding of Information Systems
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
THE IMPACT OF IT ON MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING
Implications for the Design and Understanding of Information Systems
Factors to consider while planning a new system:
Organizational environment
Organizational structure, hierarchy, specialization, routines, and business processes
The organization’s culture and politics

21. Characteristics to be kept in mind while Designing Systems:
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
THE IMPACT OF IT ON MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING
Characteristics to be kept in mind while Designing
Systems:
Flexibility and multiple options for handling data and evaluating information
Capability to support a variety of management styles, skills, and knowledge
Capability to keep track of many alternatives and consequences
Sensitivity to the organization’s bureaucratic and political requirements

22. Business strategy decisions of the firms will determine the following:
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
Business strategy decisions of the firms will
determine the following:
The products and services a firm produces
The industries in which the firm competes
Competitors, suppliers, and customers of the firm
Long-term goals of the firm

23. Business-Level Strategy: The Value Chain Model
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
Business-Level Strategy: The Value Chain Model
The most common generic business level strategies are:
Become the low-cost producer
Differentiate your product from competitors’ products
Change the scope of competition by enlarging the market or narrowing it to a specialized niche

24. Highlights the primary or support activities that add business value
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
Value Chain Model:
Highlights the primary or support activities that add business value
A good tool for understanding strategy at the business firm level
Primary Activities:
Directly related to the production and distribution of a firm’s products or services

25. Make the delivery of primary activities possible
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
Support Activities:
Make the delivery of primary activities possible
Consist of the organization’s infrastructure, human resources, technology, and procurement

26. The Firm Value Chain and the Industry Value Chain
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
The Firm Value Chain and the Industry Value Chain

27. Internet-enabled Web of cooperating firms
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
Value Web:
Internet-enabled Web of cooperating firms
Customer-driven network of independent firms
Uses information technology to coordinate value chains of separate firms for collectively producing a product or service

28. Switching Costs and Lock-in Effects
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
Switching Costs and Lock-in Effects
IT is used at the firm level to discourage customers from switching to other suppliers, and “locking” them into a firm’s channels.
Switching cost is the expense incurred by a customer or company for changing from one supplier or system to another.
Example: Baxter International

29. Stockless Inventory compared to Traditional and Just-in-time Supply Methods

30. Business-level Strategy
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
Business-level Strategy
Figure 3-14

31. Industry-Level Strategy and Information Systems:
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
Industry-Level Strategy and Information Systems:
Competitive Forces and Network Economics
Firms operate in a larger environment composed of
other firms, governments, and nations
Information partnership:
Cooperative alliance formed between two or more corporations for sharing information to gain strategic advantage
Help firms gain access to new customers, creating new opportunities for cross-selling and targeting products

32. Porter’s Five Forces Model
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
Porter’s Five Forces Model
In the larger environment, there are five main forces or
threats:
New market entrants
Substitute products and services
Suppliers
Customers
Other firms competing directly

33. Porter’s Competitive Forces Model
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
Porter’s Competitive Forces Model

34. IT and the Internet can greatly change the strength of
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
IT and the Internet can greatly change the strength of
these competitive forces:
Encourage new entrants. Example: NetFlix vs. Blockbuster
Increase customer bargaining power. Example: Expedia.com and others

35. Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
IT and the Internet can greatly change the strength of these competitive forces: (Continued)
Decrease in supplier power. Example: eCampus.com increases the efficiency of used textbook market, reducing publisher profits
Substitute products. Example: online music lowers value of record stores

36. Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
Network Economics:
IT products and services exhibit powerful network effects and create potential “winner take all” situations.
Network effects occur when adding more resources to a process incurs little or zero cost, but large gains in output.
Contrary to the law of diminishing returns typical of industrial and agricultural products

37. Network Economics: (Continued)
Management Information Systems
Chapter 3
Information Systems, Organizations, Management, and Strategy
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY
Network Economics: (Continued)
Example: Value of the Internet grows exponentially with the linear increase in users.
Example: Because certain software can become a standard (like Windows operating systems or Windows Office), people can get locked into that standard and the value of Windows grows as more and more people use it.
Good strategy: Use IT to build products and services that exhibit network effects.