1. ENLARGING THE LEXICON

2. Acronyms  Formed from the initial letters  Often found as names of organization  Examples: FAS (Football Association of Selangor) FAM (Football Association of Malaysia) JAIS (Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor)

3. Derivation  Words made up of morphemes.  Morphemes can be free or bound.  Free morphemes can stand alone.  Example: cupboard – made from 2 free morphemes, cup and board.  Bound morphemes must always be attached to a free morphemes.  Examples: he talks, they worked.

4. Back-formation  Process of removing an affix from an existing word to create new word.  Examples: televise created from television, laze created from lazy.

5. Blending  Formed by taking elements from 2 words and combining them to form new word.  Example: Centertainment – centre and entertainment.

6. Clipping  The deletion of syllables from polysyllabic word.  Examples: Doc (Doctor), Sis (Sister), Bro (Brother).

7. Coinage  The creation of an entirely new word.  Particularly rare type of word formation.  Examples: DVD, Avira, Vista.

8. Conversion  The practice of changing the word class of an existing word to create new word.  Examples: KFC-ing, McD-ing, CITY-ing.

9. Onomatopoeia  Lexical representations of particular word.  Examples: bong, bang, boom.

10. Semantic change  Existing words can take on a new meanings.  Examples: holy-day (holiday).

11. New concept  Technological innovation caused the semantic widening of mouse so that it refers to the device used for moving a cursor on a computer.

12. Close conceptual or factual relation  Close links between particular concepts can result in changes of meaning.  Example: To imply is to suggest without stating explicitly. To infer is to draw conclusion based on an implication.

13. Emotionally marked concepts  Certain emotionally marked domains such as death and sex are marked as taboo.  Euphemisms are often used in place of potentially embarrassing alternatives.  Example: use he’s passed away instead of die.