CHAPTER 4 Social Structure

CHAPTER 4 Social Structure
Sociology 4/20/2017 CHAPTER 4 Social Structure Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure Section 2: Types of Social Interaction Section 3: Types of Societies Section 4: Groups Within Society Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations Chapter 4

Objectives: Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure
Identify and describe the two major components of social structure. Analyze how these two components of social structure affect human interaction.

Social Structures, Roles, and Interactions

Major Components of Social Structure
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure Major Components of Social Structure Status Role

Roles, Status, and Human Interaction
Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure Roles, Status, and Human Interaction People’s particular roles and statuses affect how they relate to one another.

Write as many sentences as you can filling in these blanks: “In the _________, I am a ____________”
Fill in the blanks with the parts you play at school, home, work, clubs, sports, church, and in your free time… Ex: “In the School, I am a student” “In the store I am a customer” Each second blank represents a status, and each status has a role…

Key terms Social Structure – Network of interrelated statuses and roles that guides human interactions. Status – Socially defined positions in a group in a society. Role – Behavior – the rights and obligations – expected of someone occupying a particular status. Ascribed Status – Status assigned according to standards that are beyond a person’s control. Age, sex, family history and race are examples.

Key Terms (continued) Achieved Status – Status acquired by an individual on the basis of some special skill, knowledge, or ability. Ex: athletes, dancers, singers, lawyers, husband Right now, what do you consider to be your most important achieved status? Explain. Master Status – Status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person’s life and determining his or her social identity. individuals hold many statuses but the status that plays the greatest role. Can be ascribed or achieved. In US- achieved (occupation, marital status, parenthood), can change over time

Roles Component of Social structure that bring statuses to life. People play many different roles everyday Reciprocal Roles- corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between related statuses Husband –wife Doctor-patient Athlete-coach Friend- Friend Employee-Employer

Consider this list of reciprocal roles:
Pick one of these roles out of the box Don’t tell classmates what you are When I say go, walk slowly around the room, acting out your roles in pantomime form only, and look for your reciprocal roles. The 1st pair to find each other wins We will proceed for 7 minutes or until everyone has been matched up Catcher/pitcher Mother/baby teacher/student Doctor/patient Artist/model Taxi driver/passenger Mugger/victim Conductor/musician Boxer/referee Shopper/clerk Speedboat driver/water skier Tennis player/tennis player

Roles Role Expectations- socially expected behaviors of a certain person Parents/ Children- Doctors- Police Officers

Skit Write a 1 minute skit that shows the “role expectations” and reciprocal roles of your pairs What is considered socially acceptable? What is socially unacceptable?

Key Terms (continued) Role Performance – Actual behavior of a person performing a role. Role Set – different roles attached to a single status. Role Conflict- Situation that occurs when fulfilling the expectation of one role makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations of another role. Ex: Working and caring for a sick child Working and not doing homework/sleeping Role Strain – Situation that occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the expectations of a single role.

Examples of Conflict / Strain
Status Examples of Roles Examples of Conflict / Strain putting out fires, saving lives, wearing a uniform voluntarily puts self in danger but has loved ones who need him or her fire fighter mother providing food and shelter, nurturing family, disciplining children work fatigue and long shifts make household tasks and interactions difficult P.T.A. president running meetings, recruiting new members, planning activities has trouble getting members to attend and follow through on promises

List all of the roles you play today…
What are the role conflicts students are dealing with? List the roles of one of your parents or adult relatives. What are possible role conflicts from your list? Status Example of Roles Example of conflict/strain Status Example of Roles Example of conflict/strain

Teachers too… While professionally my role is a teacher, yet there are role conflicts within mine, and other teachers lives as well…. Status Example of roles Example of conflict/strain

Conflict Resolution Part 1-
Compromise: to find a solution that meets the demands of both of the conflicting roles Avoidance or giving up: to dent or drop one of the roles in conflict Compartmentalization: to behave in different ways in different situations Rationalization: to tell yourself that the conflict is not there; to deny that it exists Prioritizing: to decide which of the conflicting roles is more important and act on that one

Part 2- Give me an example of a role conflict…
Give me three ways to resolve it… DO PART 2 FOR HOMEWORK!

Extra Credit:

Extra Credit 1: Roles, like almost everything else in society, change as society changes. In the United States, some of the most notable role changes have occurred in the roles of wife and mother… Interview an older women (perhaps a grandmother) Ask her about her life when she was raising her children. Did she ever leave her children with a babysitter? Did she work outside of the home? How many hours did she spend working in the home? You may ask her to describe such household chores as cooking, laundry, ironing, and washing the floor. How have these roles and expectations of the homemaker changed in the past years? Next, for purpose of comparison, examine the roles of wife and mother today- perhaps interviewing your own mother. Do they work outside fo the home? How many hours a day do they spend on household chores? How has technology altered their roles? (ex: the dishwasher, disposable diapers, frozen entrees, no-wax floors, and penicillin) What do they believe is expected of them as wives and mothers that was not expected of their own mothers? (ex: more community involvement, continued professional and personal growth)

*essentially you are recording 2 interviews…one with a grandma or grandma type, and the other with a mother or mother type and comparing and contrasting the roles of a wife/mother then and now. …it would also be interesting to do the same type of investigation of the roles of husband and father. These roles too have changed significantly in the past half-century…

Extra Credit 2: Go see the school musical Working (This weekend and next weekend) Complete a chart similar to what we did in class with status, examples of roles, and examples of conflict/strain for 6 of the jobs

Warm-up: ( 5 minutes) Complete the bubble map for social interaction
Warm-up: ( 5 minutes) Complete the bubble map for social interaction. Come up with as many ways as you can think of for how you interact with people each day… **Social Interaction: How people relate to one another and influence each others behavior

Turn in Homework (put in your folder):
Conflict Resolution worksheet (part 2) Extra credit option 1

Objectives: Section 2: Types of Social Interaction
Identify the most common types of social interaction. Distinguish between types of interactions that stabilize social structure and those that can disrupt it.

Comment on the following quote: “Social interaction takes place at all times, in all places. Human beings cannot not interact” Even not talking is a form of interaction…the messages being sent and interpreted are nonverbal. Because of those nonverbal messages, each individual affects and is affected by the other. This then is still social interaction

Social interaction affect peoples behavior even when they are alone.
What they do when they are alone, what they think, even how they sit, stand, or walk are all socialized *socialized-learned from others in the social environment

Social interaction is a mutual process, meaning that the behavior of 2 or more persons or groups affects and is affected by one another. In our social interactions, messages are often communicated nonverbally. Yet those nonverbal messages can and do have significant influence on human behavior.

Try this next time with a close friend:
You should immediately notice a change in your friend’s behavior. This is social interaction. When sociologists study social life, they study not only the behavior of the individual but also the behavior of those around the individual. We are social animals and therefore our behavior is only fully understood in terms of the social environment 1st- when the friend talks, have a distracted and disinterested look on your face. This should go on for a minute or two 2nd- suddenly appear very interested in your friend’s conversation-smiling, nodding in agreement, and keeping eye contact.

Common Types of Social Interaction
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction Common Types of Social Interaction Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a reward or a return for one’s actions Competition – two or more people or groups in opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another person

Common Types of Social Interaction
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction Common Types of Social Interaction (continued) Cooperation – two or more people or groups working together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one of them Accommodation – a state of balance between cooperation and conflict Compromise Truce Meditation Arbitration

Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt
Section 2: Types of Social Interaction Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt Competition and Conflict – disrupt social stability Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation stabilize social stability

The Three Stooges: What types of social interactions do you see?
How can you tell? …

Types of Social Interactions
Exchange Competition Track Relay Team encompasses all 5 types of social interactions Types of Social Interactions Conflict Cooperation Accommodation

GO!!! Assignment: 1. Go to your assigned social interaction
2. While the music is playing put as many examples as you can think of in the circle map for that type of social interaction…once the music stops you stop… 3. Rotate to the next one… 4. (repeat step 2) GO!!!

Why people interact the way they do?
Exchange Theory – Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions Ex: Reciprocity – Idea that if you do something for someone, they owe you something in return. Which do you agree with most? Why?

EXIT TICKET: Draw a picture that describes what you learned in today’s lesson. Be prepared to explain your drawing to your classmates.

Homework: EXTRA CREDIT (option2)
Social Interactions: I want you to become observers of human social behavior. For several days, you should watch the social interactions of people wherever you are- in school, at home, at work, at the theater, on the bus, at a restaurant, and so on. Pay particular attention to who interacts with whom. Who makes eye contact and who does not? Who begins conversations? Where do people position themselves? How does behavior change as group size increases or decreases? Consider your own behavior. How, if at all, does it change when an adult is present? Or when a member of the opposite sex is present? How is it different when you are with close friends, a teacher, a coworker, an employer, a coach? How is it different when you are alone? Record your observations and in a few days be ready to share… EXTRA CREDIT (option2) Go see the school musical Working (This weekend and next weekend) Complete a chart similar to what we did in class with status, examples of roles, and examples of conflict/strain for 6 of the jobs

Objectives: Section 3: Types of Societies
Identify and describe the types of societies that exist in the world today. Explain the roles individuals play in these models of group systems.

Types of Societies Section 3: Types of Societies
Preindustrial – food production is the main economic activity and can be subdivided according to the level of technology and the method of producing food Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of food to the production of manufactured goods made possible by changes in production methods Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in providing information and services

Roles of Individuals Section 3: Types of Societies
Roles related to: Leadership Family Work

Section 3: Types of Societies
Preindustrial Industrial Postindustrial Types of Societies hunting and gathering; pastoral; horticultural; mechanical solidarity agricultural manufacturing urban; technology; organic solidarity information; provision of services

Group – Set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity. Preindustrial Society - Type of societies in which food productions- carried out through the use of human and animal labor is the main economic activity. Subsistence Strategies – Ways in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members. Hunting and Gathering Societies – Type of society characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence.

Pastoral Society – Type of society characterized by a reliance on domesticated herd animals as the main form of subsistence. Horticultural Society – Type of society characterized by a reliance on vegetables grown in garden plants as the main form of subsistence. Agricultural Society – Type of society characterized by the use of draft animals and plows in the tilling of fields. Industrial Societies – Type of Society in which the mechanized production of goods is the main economic activity.

Postindustrial Society – Type of society in which economic activities centers on the production of information and provision of services. Division of Labor – Specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities. Barter – Practice of exchanging one good for another. Urbanization – Concentration of the population in cities.

Mechanical Solidarity – Close-knit-social relationships common in Preindustrial societies that result when a small group of people share values and perform the same task. (San, Arapesh) Organic Solidarity – Impersonal social relationships, common in Industrial societies that arise with increased job specialization. Gemeinschaft – Societies in which most members know one another, relationships are close, and activities center on the family and the community. Gesellschaft – Societies in which social relationships are based upon need rather than on emotions, relationships are impersonal and temporary and individual goals are more important than group goals.

Brainstorming… …can be a very effective technique when practiced correctly. However a few simple rules must be followed: 1. there is no such thing as a bad idea. Any idea should be suggested, regardless of how “good” it is. From ideas come more ideas, so even the worst ideas can generate the best ones. 2. there is to be absolutely no judging of ideas. Remember that human behavior is affected by the social environment. If a person feels his/her ideas will be judged harshly, that person will alter his/her behavior. 3. the more ideas the better, so think of as many as possible.

You work for the Rhodes Toy Company and they have just created a new robot that does everything-sings, makes the bed, plays basketball, and even does homework. The company is ready to market this new robot but must first decide on a name for it… BRAINSTORM!!

Robot Names 2B:

Robot Names 4B:

This exercise was conducted in a nonjudgmental social environment.
Did it make a difference that you would not be judged? Discuss: “social interaction affects and is affected by the social environment”

Objectives: Section 4: Groups Within Society
Summarize the major features of primary and secondary groups. Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.

5 minutes free time! Identify any group that may have formed
Gender group Ethnic group Eye color Political affiliation Neighborhoods What other groups could you divide into? Sociologist study persons in groups and divide them into these same groupings as well as many others.

Groups Two or more people that interact
Members have shared expectations and share a sense of common identity

1. Write your name in a circle in the middle of the paper.
group 1. Write your name in a circle in the middle of the paper. Write in smaller circles all around the center one the names of all the groups you belong to. Include family, friendship groups, clubs, organizations, and so on… group NAME group

group 2. Draw a solid line from the center circle to the groups that are small, intimate, and enduring. (Primary groups) group NAME group

group 3. Draw a dotted lines from the center circle to the groups that are larger, less personal, less permanent, and have a special purpose. (secondary groups) group NAME group

Features of Primary Groups
Section 4: Groups Within Society Features of Primary Groups Interact over a long period of time on a direct and personal basis Entire self of the individual is taken into account Relationships are intimate and face-to-face Ex: Families are the most common group

Features of Secondary Groups
Section 4: Groups Within Society Features of Secondary Groups Interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature Involve a reaction to only a part of the individual’s self Casual and limited to personal involvement Ex: classroom, political parties

Extension: Do the same exercise but this time placing the name of a parent or guardian in the center circle. (on the back) Is there a difference between your diagram and that of your parent or guardian? Explain: What are some of the reasons why adults join groups? Are they similar to your reasons for joining groups?

control members’ behavior
define boundaries select leaders GROUP FUNCTIONS set goals assign tasks make decisions control members’ behavior

Purposes of Groups Section 4: Groups Within Society
Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes and opinions of others Define their boundaries – so that members can tell who belongs and who does not Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions Control their members’ behavior – if members violate groups norms, the group cannot survive long

Section 4: Groups Within Society
Aggregate – Groups of people gathered in the same place at the same time who lack organization or lasting patterns of interactions. Ex: Ex: Bus Passengers, Movie Theater attendees Social Category – Group of people who share a common trait or status Ex: women, teens, Left handed people Dyad – Group with two members. Triad – Three- person group. Small Group – Group with few enough numbers that everyone is able to interact on a face to face basis Sociologists have found that small groups consisting of 15 or fewer members works best

Formal Group – A group in which the structure, goals, and activities of the group are clearly defined. Informal Group – A group in which there is no official structure or established rules of conduct. Primary Group – Small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis. Secondary Group – Group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature.

Reference Group – Any group with whom individuals identify and who’s attitudes and values they often adopt. In-Group – Group that an individual belongs to and identifies with. Out-Group – Any group that an individual does not belong to or identify with. E-Community – A community of people who interact through the internet or other electronic communications. Social Network – Web relationship that is formed by the sum total of an individual's interactions with other people.

Group Socialization Worksheet:
This should increase your awareness of the socializing nature of groups Have you ever noticed yourself changing your speech patterns, or interests after spending time with a new friend? Some say people who spend a lot of time together begin to talk alike, act alike, and even look alike. This is the socializing nature of groups

Sociologists use the term boundaries to describe the features that clearly define members of a group. Ex: boundaries may be in style of dress (members of a girls chorus wear white blouses, and black skirts; members of the police force wear uniforms) These boundaries not only serve to identify the members of the group but also distinguish them from those who are not in that group

Fill in the worksheet as directed.
Not all groups have names, but they are still distinct groups. Therefore, on one of the lines you might just write “the kids who always hang around near the tennis courts after school”

Group interaction worksheet:
Part 1: Competition- the struggle for a goal that not all will be able to achieve Conflict- defeating the opponent is considered essential to reaching the goal Cooperation- individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach a common goal

Part 2: 2B Complete as a class:
A. Sport being analyzed:_______________ B. Explain how each form is present in this sport. Use specific examples. C. Which form is dominant?

Part 2: 4B Complete as a class:
A. Sport being analyzed:_______________ B. Explain how each form is present in this sport. Use specific examples. C. Which form is dominant?

Part 3: On your own…

Exit ticket: In your own words summarize both primary and secondary groups (give an example of each) Identify the purposes that groups fulfill.

Homework: due_________
Keep a diary of your groups activities for one week At the end of the week fill out the Personal Group Experiences worksheet and staple it to your diary entries.

I need 6 people to see me after class….

Objectives: Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Explain how bureaucracies are structured. Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies.

“In exactly 5 minutes, I want the title of the best movie ever made written on that line”
______________

I have just conducted an exercise to determine leadership.
The student who assumed the role of leader demonstrated that they do indeed, have qualities of a leader 

Group Leadership Styles:
(I need my 6 students from last class) Get into 6 groups (6 from last class pick a group to join) Perform your task as if you were actually asked to do so in your own school (10minutes)

Times up! Discuss your decision-making process,
Did you feel that your suggestions were taken seriously? Was your leader effective in their role?

Democratic- works with the group and gives all members equal opportunities to participate and voice opinions Autocratic- makes decisions singularly, does not welcome contributions from others Laissez-faire- makes little or no effort to lead, allows the group to interact with no influence from the leader

Leaders – People who influence the attitudes and opinions of others. Instrumental Leaders – Leaders who are task- oriented. Expressive Leaders – Leaders who are emotion- oriented

Group member Roles 1. task manager
- organizes and directs the activities of the other members 2. maintenance person - attempts to maintain good morale among the members 3. harmonizer - attempts to settle any disagreements among members 4. gatekeeper - seeks to hear opinions from all members, especially those who have been quiet 5. follower- goes along with the group, accepts the ideas of the group

Get in groups (ideally 7 per group)
Write numbers 1-7 on separate note cards and place in container Draw a number…the number you draw is the role you have Those who draw a number beyond 5 are followers

You will have 12 minutes to complete your task
(be ready to describe your task and tell what decisions were reached Tell what role you played Discuss the effectiveness of each role. Were you comfortable in your role?

Bureaucracy (Characteristics identified by Max Weber)
1. Division of Labor 2. Ranking of Authority Bureaucracy (Characteristics identified by Max Weber) 5. Specific lines of promotion and advancement 3. Employment based on Formal qualification 4. Rules and Regulations

Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Formal Organization – Large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals. (Examples: Schools, businesses, political and religious and youth organizations, and labor unions) Bureaucracy – Ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures. Rationality – The process of subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculations, measurement, and control. Voluntary Association – Non profit association formed to pursue some common interest. Iron Law of Oligarchy – Tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people.

Weber’s Model Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
Division of Labor- Work is divided among specialist in various positions. Each specialist is expected to perform specific duties. Ranking of Authority- There are clear cut lines of responsibility, and each individual is responsible to a supervisor at a higher level. Employment based on formal qualifications- Specific qualifications are required for each job. Individuals are hired based upon tests, education or previous experience. (In a bureaucracy, the job –not the job holder –is important. Therefore everybody is replaceable).

Weber’s Model Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations
(continued) Rules and regulations- There are objective rules, regulations, and routine procedures that identify the exact responsibilities and authority of each person on staff. Specific lines of promotion and advancement- It is assumed that employees expect a career with the organization. Thus there are clear-cut lines of promotion and advancement. Among the rewards for remaining with the organization are job security and seniority.

Head of the Bureaucracy
(CEO, Superintendent, president, etc.) Department Head/VP Subordinate Department Head/VP

Draw an organizational chart of the school:
Now make the same chart for another formal organization. This time be sure to also describe that organization in terms of the characteristics (Weber’s Model)

Bureaucracies worksheet:
Become more aware of the bureaucracies that surround you… List the bureaucratic organizations that you or your family have dealt with Ex: driver’s license bureaus, employment offices, banks, corporations, billing departments…

Effectiveness of Bureaucracies
Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations Effectiveness of Bureaucracies Efficient at coordinating large numbers of people, defining tasks and rewards Provides stability Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and result in oligarchies In some instances, rewards incompetence and expands uncontrollably

Exit Ticket: What, according to Max Weber’s model, are the major characteristics of a bureaucracy?

Chapter Wrap-Up CHAPTER 4
1. How can a person’s status differ from his or her role? 2. How does role conflict affect groups and individuals? How can it be resolved? 3. What are the five most common forms of interaction recognized by sociologists? 4. Identify and describe the three broad categories of societies used by sociologists. 5. How do the roles of group members differ between primary and secondary groups? 6. What, according to Max Weber’s model, are the major characteristics of a bureaucracy? 7. What weaknesses influence the effectiveness of bureaucracies?

Essay Questions CHAPTER 4
Define bureaucracy, identify the five characteristics of a bureaucracy, and then explain which of the five characteristics is most related to “The Peter Principle”. 2. Identify six types of societies and describe the subsistence strategy of each society.

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