1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The function of the reproductive system is to produce gametes. It consists of gonads, ducts, and accessory structures.

2. Male Structures

3. Scrotum Pouch of skin containing the testicles
Divided into two sacs by a septum marked externally by a raised ridge, the raphe
Dartos - smooth muscle layer that wrinkles scrotal sac
Cremaster - skeletal muscle that pulls testicles close to body thus regulating temperature

4. Testicles Paired, oval-shaped gonads in the scrotum
Descend through inguinal canal in development
Produce sperm and testosterone
Tunica albuginea surrounds each testicle; internally forming lobules
Seminiferous tubules produce sperm
Interstitial cells produce testosterone
Sertoli’s cells / Rete testis

6. Epididymis Coiled tube consisting of head, neck and tail
Located on the posterior, lateral side of the testicle
Stores immature, nearly nonmotile sperm

7. Ductus Deferens Vas deferens
Muscular tubes that form part of spermatic cord
Extends through inguinal canal, into the pelvic cavity then up,over and behind the bladder
Contraction of smooth muscle propels sperm from epididymis into the urethra
Ampulla - terminal portion

8. Ejaculatory Duct
Ejaculatory duct ejects semen and sperm into the urethra
Formed from the fusion of terminal portion of the ductus deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicles

9. Urethra Part of the urinary and reproductive system
Transports urine and semen to exterior
Extends from the bladder to the tip of the penis
Divided into three regions: prostatic, membranous,and spongy (cavernous)

10. Accessory Structures
Seminal vesicles - paired glands located posterior to the bladder that produces viscous, alkaline secretions containing fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting factors
Prostate gland - located at the base of the bladder; produces milky,alkaline substance that enhances sperm motility and viability
Prostatitis / Prostate cancer
Prostate- specific antigen

11. Accessory Structures
Bulbourethral glands - produces fluid that lubricates penis and neutralizes urinary acids; located at the base of the penis
Cowper’s gland
Semen - composed of 60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostatic fluid, 10 % sperm and various secretions

12. Penis Male,copulatory organ Consists of root, shaft, and glans penis
Covering the glans penis is the prepuce or foreskin (circumcision)
Consists of three masses of erectile tissue
corpus spongiosum (1)
corpus cavernosa (2)

14. Semen Analysis Normal discharge - 2-6 ml/ejaculate
Sperm count million/ml
Morphology - < 35% abnormal
Motility - 60% exhibit forward motility
Sterility - less than 20 million sperm/ml
Survival - 48 hrs. after ejaculation

15. Female Structures

16. Ovaries
Paired almond-shaped structures located on each side of the uterus which are held in place by the ovarian and suspensory ligaments
Produce ova and the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone
Covered by layer of germinal epithelium (parietal peritoneum) and tunica albuginea

17. Uterine Tubes Oviducts / Fallopian tubes
Transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus
Normal site of fertilization
Ampulla terminates in funnel-shaped structure called infundibulum
Fimbriae
Takes 3 days for egg to travel length of tube

18. Uterus Pear-shaped muscular structure located superior to the bladder
Consists of fundus, body, and cervix
Serves as site of menstruation and houses developing fetus
Uterine wall composed of three layers
perimetrium, middle myometrium, inner endometrium (stratum funtional and basalis)

19. Vagina Tube-like structure extending from the cervix to outside
Serves to receive semen and sperm from penis
Functions as the birth canal and passage way for menses

22. External Genitalia - Vulva
Mons pubis
Labia majora, labia minora
Clitoris
Vestibule consists of urethral and vaginal opening, greater vestibular glands
Perineum/clinical perineum
Episiotomy

23. Mammary Glands Modified sweat glands present in both sexes
Functional only in the female
Purpose is production and ejection of milk
Alveoli cells secrete the milk and are clustered into lobules
Each lobe drained by a lactiferous duct, dilating to form a lactiferous sinus
Nipple and areolar

24. Reproductive Physiology

25. Meiosis Compared to mitosis Chromosome number reduced
Crossing- over occurs between homologous chromosome
Four new haploid daughter cells produced
Meiosis I ( Homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs in prophase I)
Meiosis II (similar to mitosis)

26. Spermatogenesis Production of (n) sperm
Occurs in the seminiferous tubules
Spermatogonia
Primary/secondary spermatocytes
Spermatids
Spermatozoa
Head, Acrosome, Midpiece, Flagellated tail

27. Oogenesis Production of (n) secondary oocyte Occurs in the ovary
Oogonia
Primary oocyte (present at birth, arrested in prophase I)
Secondary oocyte (ovulated, arrested in metaphase II)
Meiosis II completed after fertilization

28. Menstrual Phase Pre-ovulatory Phase Post-ovulatory Phase
The Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Phase
Pre-ovulatory Phase
Post-ovulatory Phase

29. Menstrual Phase Day 1-5 FSH causes follicles in ovaries to enlarge
Loss of functional endometrium due to decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone

30. Pre-ovulatory Phase Day 6-14 Time between menses and ovulation
Follicular phase (ovaries)
Growth and development of ovarian follicles due to increase in FSH
Maturing follicles begin to secrete estrogens
Proliferative phase (uterus)
Growth and repair of endometrium
Ovulation occurs Day 14 due to LH surge

31. Post - Ovulatory Phase Day 15-28
Follicle converts to corpus luteum under the influence of LH
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone thus influencing endometrium
Secretory phase
Secretions and preparatory changes in enodmetrium occur to receive potential embryo

35. Menopause Cessation of menstruation Occurs 45-55 of age
Ovaries fail to respond to FSH
Number of remaining follicles decreased
Estrogen levels decline
Regression of organs occurs
Hot flashes and mood swings common

36. Female and Menstrual Disorders
Menarche
Amenorrhea / Dysmenorrhea
Hysterectomy
Oophorectomy
Endometriosis
Toxix shock syndrone
Premenstrual syndrone (PMS)

37. Sexual Response Four stages of sexual intercourse:
Arousal - tactile stimulation leads to parasympathetic impulses to sacral region causing vasocongestion and secretion
Plateau - sexual flush due to cutaneous vasodilation
Orgasm - intense feelings of pleasure,muscle contractions, and male ejaculation
Resolution - aroused systems relax

38. Birth Control Methods

39. Sterilization
Vasectomy
Tubal ligation

40. Hormonal Methods
Oral contraceptives
Norplant
Depo - provera

41. Mechanical / Barrier Devices
Intrauterine device (IUD)
Condom
Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Female condom

42. Other Methods
Rhythm method
Coitus interruptus