2. 1840--settlement to Missouri timber country Eastern Plains have rich soil, good rainfall High Plains, Rockies semi-arid Most pre-Civil War settlers head directly for Pacific Coast

4. 1867--250,000 native Americans in western U.S. displaced Eastern peoples; Native Plains peoples/bands By the 1880s Most indigenous peoples on reservations By the 1890s most native cultures in disarray

5. Nomadic, hunt buffalo skilled horsemen tribes develop warrior class Tribal bands governed by chief and council Loose organization confounds federal policy, such as it was

6. Sexual division of labor men hunt, trade, supervise ceremonial activities, clear ground for planting women responsible for child rearing, art, camp work, gardening, food preparation Equal gender status common kinship often matrilineal women often manage family property

7. Trans-Mississippi West neglected to 1850 Indian Intercourse Act of 1834 excludes any white from Indian country without a license Land regarded as “Indian” preserve

9. After 1850 white travel on Great Plains rises Federal government sparks wars by confining tribes to specific areas Sioux War of 1865-1867 prompts "small reservation" policy to protect white migration

10. Small reservation policy fails young warriors refuse restraint white settlers encroach on “Indian” lands Final series of wars suppress “Indians” 1876—Little Big Horn: Sioux defeat Custer most battles result in defeat & massacre of indigenous peoples 1890—Wounded Knee massacre to suppress "Ghost Dance"

11. 1887--Dawes Severalty Act destroys communal ownership of “Indian” land gives small farms to each head of a family “Indians” who leave tribes become U.S. citizens Near-extermination of buffalo deals devastating blow to Plains peoples

12. Unprecedented settlement 1870-1900 Most move west in periods of prosperity Rising population drives demand for Western goods

13. 1860-1900—Federal land grants 48 million acres granted under Homestead Act 100 million acres sold to private individuals, corporations 128 million acres granted to railroad companies

14. Most land acquired by wealthy investors Speculators send agents to stake out best land for high prices

15. Quest to “get rich quick” produces boom-and-bust economic cycles "instant cities" such as San Francisco

16. Mining frontier moves from west to east individual prospectors remove surface gold big corporations move in with the heavy, expensive mining equipment 1874-1876--Black Hills rush overruns Sioux hunting grounds

18. 25-50% of mining camp citizens were foreign-born Among them: French, Latin Americans, Chinese 1850--California Foreign Miner's Tax seeks to drive “foreigners” out 1882--federal Chinese Exclusion Act suspends Chinese immigration for 10 years

19. Contributes millions to economy Helps finance Civil War, industrialization Relatively early statehood for Nevada, Idaho, Montana Invasion of “Indian” reservations Scarred, polluted environment Ghost towns

20. The Far West ideal for cattle grazing Cattle drives take herds to rail heads Trains take herds to Chicago for processing Profits enormous for large ranchers

22. By 1880 wheat farmers begin fencing range Mechanization modernizes ranching 1886--harsh winter kills thousands of cattle Ranchers reduce herds, switch to sheep

23. Farmers’ grievances declining crop prices; crop lien rising rail rates heavy mortgages  Farmers Alliance / Populism, in the West and South

24. DO YOU SEE PARALLELS IN THE INITIATIVES OF THE AGRARIAN REBELS OF THE SOUTH AND WEST, THE PLAINS INDIANS, THE INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE NORTH, AND PERSONS OF AFRICAN ANCESTRY, 1865-1892? SOURCES OF RESISTANCE? WHAT LANGUAGE AND CATEGORIES OF ANALYSIS ARE APPROPRIATE IN ADDRESSING THESE QUESTIONS? HOW DO YOU DEFINE AMERICAN DEMOCRACY IN THIS PERIOD?