1. What is an Animal? 1. Animals are Multicellular
Characteristics of All Animals
1. Animals are Multicellular
2. Animals are Eukaryotic
3. Animals are Heterotrophs
4. Animal cells lack cell walls

2. Evolutionary/Developmental Milestones in Animals
Cell specialization and levels of organization
Development of body symmetry and segmentation
Development of an internal body cavity and tissue layers

3. Levels of Organization

4. Cell Specialization
Cells throughout a multicellular organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks.

5. Body Segmentation
Segmentation of the body allows development of various specialized limbs, such as antennae, pincers, walking legs, claws, wings, etc.
Cephalization is the concentration of nervous tissues in one location which eventually produces a head region with sensory organs and a brain.

6. Tissue Layers & Body Cavity
Develops Into
Endoderm
digestion and respiration structures
Mesoderm
muscles, bones, blood, skin, reproductive organs
Ectoderm
skin, brain, nervous system
A body cavity, called a coelom, increases the efficiency of food intake and waste removal.

7. Porifera

9. ANIMAL BODY SYSTEMS REGULATION: Excretory & Nervous Systems
Body systems are all interrelated and work together to perform their functions in animals. Body systems can be organized and studies by these functions:
REGULATION: Excretory & Nervous Systems
NUTRIENT ABSORPTION: Respiration, Digestion, & Circulatory Systems
DEFENSE: Immune, Integumentary, Lymphatic, Skeletal, & Muscular Systems
Reproduction: Reproductive & Endocrine Systems

10. FACT OF THE DAY:
* Messages travel along the nerves as electrical impulses. They travel at speeds up to 248 miles per hour!

11. The Nervous System

12. Nervous System The nervous system maintains homeostasis by controlling and regulating all other parts of the body.
Regulation requires homeostasis- the ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain stability within its internal environment when dealing with external changes

13. Function of The Nervous System
Sensory
Detect change inside and outside of body
Interpret
Interpret the change with the brain and spinal cord
Response
Control and coordinate functions throughout the body
Respond to internal and external stimuli

14. Evolutionary Trends of the Nervous System
Simple
Complex
Animal Taxon
Aquatic Invertebrates
Flatworms & Roundworms
Segmented Worms & Arthropods
Vertebrates
Type of Nervous Tissue
A simple system with interconnected neurons called nerve nets; contain specialized cells for touch and chemical detection
Ganglia (a group of nerve cells) and nerve cords run along the body; can detect chemicals, touch, and some have eyespots
Cephalization occurs which is the concentration of nerve cells in a head region to form a brain; intense senses in arthropods
A well developed brain evolved from the spinal cord; the size and complexity increases from fish to mammals
Picture of system
Examples
sponges, jellyfish, hydra
planaria, flukes, tapeworm, hookworm
earthworm, ants, grasshopper, bees
mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians

16. Structure of Nervous System
Neuron - Message sending unit of the nervous system
Cell body- the largest part of the neuron; contains the nucleus and organelles
Axon - Carries nerve impulse away from the cell body
Dendrite - Carries nerve impulse to the cell body

17. TYPICAL MOTOR NEURON dendrite muscle tissue Axon cell body synapse
Impulse
in a Neuron
muscle tissue
TYPICAL MOTOR NEURON
Axon
dendrite
synapse
cell body
cell
body

18. Because neurons never touch, chemical signalers called neurotransmitters must travel through the space called synapse between two neurons to continue the electrical signal (impulse).
Neurotransmitters
(pink
spheres)
The message is transferred when RECEPTORS receive neurotrans-mitters.
Synapse (gap)

19. How Impulses Are Carried
Flow of Impulse: dendrite  nucleus  axon  jumps synapse  next dendrite

21. Types of Neurons
Sensory - Conduct impulses from sense organs to the brain ( CNS)
Motor - Conduct impulses from brain/spinal cord (CNS) to muscle/organs
Interneurons - Conduct impulses within the brain/spinal cord (CNS)

22. Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

23. Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System – Brain and spinal cord
Integrates information
Derived from the dorsal nerve cord

24. Main Parts of the Brain Forebrain =
Cerebrum
Controls muscles
Jobs that are voluntary
It stores messages
Studying
Thalamus, Hypothalamus (biological clock)
Controls thought, reason, and the senses
Controls homeostasis – temperature, hunger, thirst, flight or fight response
Midbrain (middle region of brainstem)
Regulation of auditory and visual reflexes (peripheral vision)
Hindbrain =
Cerebellum:
Makes movements more smooth and graceful; balance (hand-eye coordination)
Jobs are involuntary
Medulla Oblongata & Pons
Controls heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure
Jobs that are involuntary (breathing, swallowing, vomiting, digestion)

25. Reflexes Controlled by the spinal cord They are involuntary
They happen very quickly
Take place without the brain receiving the message
They protect you by triggering an involuntary response to stimuli (stepping on a tack)

26. Divisions of the Nervous System
2. Peripheral Nervous System – All other nerves
Sensory division (impulses from sense organs to CNS)
Motor division (impulses from CNS to muscles)
Somatic NS (regulates voluntary activities - lift a finger, wiggle a toe)
Autonomic NS (regulates involuntary activities – heart rate, sweat glands, muscles in your digestive tract)
Parasympathetic – “Rest and Digest”
Sympathetic – “Fight or Flight”; pupil dilates

27. Autonomic Functioning
Sympathetic – “Fight-or-flight”
Response to unusual stimulus
Takes over to increase activities
Increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, dilates the bronchioles of the lungs, and dilates the pupils
Remember as the “E” division = Exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment

28. Autonomic Functioning
Sympathetic – “Fight-or-flight”
The effects of sympathetic nervous system activation continue for several minutes until its hormones are destroyed by the liver.
Helps explain why we need time to “calm down” after an extremely stressful situation.

29. Autonomic Functioning
Parasympathetic – Housekeeping activites
“Resting and digesting” system
Chiefly concerned with promoting normal digestion and elimination of feces and urine and with conserving body energy
Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rates are at low normal levels; pupils are constricted; skin is warm; digestive tract is actively digesting food
Remember as the “D” division - Digestion, defecation, and diuresis (urination)

31. Levels of Organization
Nerves
Brain & Spinal Cord
Nervous
Neurons

32. Coackroach Beatbox TED Video

33. Brainstem

35. the Cerebrum

36. Lobes of the cerebrum Processes sensory impulses from the body
Reasoning, logic, language, etc.
Visual images
Hearing, smell, memories

37. Logic/reasoning
Speech

38. Language and Speech – strokes, tumors, injuries
Wernicke’s Area:
The posterior part of temporal lobe
Damage to area means you can speak but unable to comprehend speech
Responsible for hearing speech
Broca’s Area:
Primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe that controls muscles
Damage to area means you can understand language but are unable to speak it
Responsible for
speech generation
Ex – stroke patients
Go to 21 min mark

39. Interaction with other systems for Regulation
Bones of the skeletal system protect the spinal cord and brain.
The brain controls heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing via the circulatory and respiratory systems.
Glands in the brain control the release of hormones of the endocrine and reproductive systems.
The brain controls muscles both in digestion and movement.

40. Reticular Formation – neurons in the core of the brainstem (midbrain -arousal, pons & medulla-sleep)
Sleep & wakefulness produces patterns of electrical activity in the brain
Recorded as an ElectoEncephaloGram (EEG)
Most dreaming during REM (rapid eye movement sleep)

41. Did You Know…
Bottlenose Dolphins swim while sleeping, rising to the surface to breathe air regularly!
Their forebrain is divided into two halves. Since they sleep with one eye open and one closed they are able to sleep with one brain hemisphere at a time.

42. The amygdala is responsible for determining what memories are stored and where the memories are stored in the brain
The hippocampus sends memories out to the appropriate part of the brain for long-term storage and retrieves them when necessary. Damage to this area of the brain may result in an inability to form new memories.

43. Lobotomy… Phineas Gage, 1848 – was a loving,
caring father until the accident and
then became detached, impatient & erratic
Later in the 20th century, surgical procedures were done to remove portions of the frontal lobe in attempt to cure severe behavioral and psychiatric behaviors

44. Fun Facts
A human body contains more nerve cells than there are stars in the Milky Way
Neurons are the largest cell in the body and do NOT undergo mitosis
Nerve impulses move at 100 meters per second or more
Longest axon of a neuron is 15 ft! (in the giraffe)