1. Japan and Nuclear Energy “Should Japan continue to use nuclear energy, and if so, to what extent, and when?”

2. Anti-Nuclear Shoya Takahata Natsuko Cynthia Ohkawa Yusuke Takahata

3. SHOYA Disadvantages of Nuclear Power: Disadvantages of Nuclear Power: o Economic o Environmental o Food o Health o Political o Personal o Community

4. Economic insecurity Construction cost Construction cost o Expected to be between$6billion to $9billion for 1100MW plant What is costing so much? What is costing so much? o Land, Cooling towers and other facilities to run Nuclear o Interest rate is high (almost double the price) Maintenance cost Maintenance cost o expected to be 1,200,000,000,000 yen for 9 nuclear power plants in Japan o Labor costs and cost of equipment

5. Environmental insecurity Radioactive waste can damage the environment Radioactive waste can damage the environment Low-level waste, Intermediate- level waste are 97% Low-level waste, Intermediate- level waste are 97% High-level waste (3%) but 12,000 tonnes world wide High-level waste (3%) but 12,000 tonnes world wide Takes 100,000 years to be non harmful Takes 100,000 years to be non harmful

6. Food insecurity After the Fukushima incident, price of the vegetable went low After the Fukushima incident, price of the vegetable went low o Chiba, Ibaraki, Gunma, Fukushima, Tochigi Compared with 2010, which was a bad harvest, 2011 had the same amount of vegetable being able to sell Compared with 2010, which was a bad harvest, 2011 had the same amount of vegetable being able to sell o Chiba:14% Ibaraki:39% Gunma:17% Fukushima:18% Tochigi: 24%

7. Health insecurity Stochastic health effects Stochastic health effects o Causing cancer in a long run o Causing mutation  Teratogenic and genetic Non stochastic health effects Non stochastic health effects o Acute, immediate response in body  Skin burn, nausea, hair loss, dysfunction of organs, and death Children are more likely to be harmed Children are more likely to be harmed o More cell movements for radiation to interrupt Mental Health and stress Mental Health and stress o The younger the child is, the more sensitive to stress o Anxiety and irritation

8. Political insecurity After Fukushima incident, policy making was important After Fukushima incident, policy making was important Government was expected to make a quick response to repair the accident Government was expected to make a quick response to repair the accident Government was pressured to create a good policy Government was pressured to create a good policy

9. Personal insecurity As long as there is a nuclear power plant, it is a threat for the citizens As long as there is a nuclear power plant, it is a threat for the citizens After the incident in Japan, many people cannot go back to their home After the incident in Japan, many people cannot go back to their home People who work in Fukushima nuclear plant is in personal risk People who work in Fukushima nuclear plant is in personal risk

10. Community insecurity Community also broke after the Fukushima incident Community also broke after the Fukushima incident Evacuation Evacuation o Cannot start their business again o In some area, people cannot enter o It is hard to create a new community in the temporary housing

11. CYNTHIA Case Studies: Case Studies: o Chernobyl o Fukushima

12. Chernobyl Disaster Nuclear power plant accident on April 26, 1986 in the Ukraine Nuclear power plant accident on April 26, 1986 in the Ukraine Explosion of the core reactor during a planned power reduction Explosion of the core reactor during a planned power reduction Scattering of radioactive materials led to the graphite moderator catching fire Scattering of radioactive materials led to the graphite moderator catching fire

13. Radiation Radioactive materials spread to the western Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Radioactive materials spread to the western Soviet Union and Eastern Europe The Ukraine, Belarus, Russia were most contaminated The Ukraine, Belarus, Russia were most contaminated High radioactivity level High radioactivity level o 350,000 people to be evacuated to other locations

14. Contamination The smoke from the explosion contained radioactive materials The smoke from the explosion contained radioactive materials Particles in the atmosphere rose up the clouds Particles in the atmosphere rose up the clouds o Black Rain High Iodine, Cesium, Strontium levels in surrounding regions of water High Iodine, Cesium, Strontium levels in surrounding regions of water

15. Thyroid Cancer 31 firemen and rescue workers of the disaster passed away due to radiation exposure 31 firemen and rescue workers of the disaster passed away due to radiation exposure Post-disaster: 6000 children and adolescents developed thyroid cancer Post-disaster: 6000 children and adolescents developed thyroid cancer 4000 out of 5 million in contaminated regions have already died from thyroid cancer 4000 out of 5 million in contaminated regions have already died from thyroid cancer

16. Deformities Farmers in the Ukraine have claimed that 350 animals were born with deformities Farmers in the Ukraine have claimed that 350 animals were born with deformities o Extra limbs, missing body parts and bones, deformed skulls

17. Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster After the Tohoku earthquake on March 11, 2011, the following tsunami hit the nuclear power plant After the Tohoku earthquake on March 11, 2011, the following tsunami hit the nuclear power plant The core reactor shutdown, but the cooling system failed The core reactor shutdown, but the cooling system failed → meltdown of three reactors Fixed radiation zones Fixed radiation zones → 156,000 people displaced

18. Food and Health World Health Organization estimated: World Health Organization estimated: o Population of Fukushima prefecture have a higher risk of developing cancer o Girls exposed as infants have 70% higher chance of thyroid cancer Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: o High radioactivity in milk and vegetables Iinternational Atomic Energy Agency: Iinternational Atomic Energy Agency: o Tokyo’s drinking water exceeded safe level

19. Clean Up Process Power plant is leaking radioactive water into the Pacific Ocean Power plant is leaking radioactive water into the Pacific Ocean o Prime Minister Abe orders the government to step in Leakage of 300 tons of contaminated water Leakage of 300 tons of contaminated water o Emergency measure to prevent further leaks Decontamination process: building chemical underground walls Decontamination process: building chemical underground walls o Can take decades and be costly

20. Cost of Disaster August 2013 estimate: Japan will need $58.1 billion August 2013 estimate: Japan will need $58.1 billion The government only has $10 billion The government only has $10 billion

21. Chernobyl and Fukushima case studies show strong influences in: Chernobyl and Fukushima case studies show strong influences in: o Environmental Security: Black rain and leakage o Health Security: Cancer and Deformities o Food Security: Contaminated and uneidble o Personal Security: displacement o Economic Security: expensive decontamination

22. YUSUKE Alternative Energy Alternative Energy Conclusion Conclusion

24. By shutting down reactors: By shutting down reactors: o Increase in undersupply by strongly relying on thermal power generation o Causing a great increase in CO 2 emission o Losing an important “baseload electricity source”

25. Innovative Energy & Environmental Strategy

26. Aiming for 0 nuclear reactors in 2030 Aiming for 0 nuclear reactors in 2030 “This innovation not only substitutes nuclear reactors to renewable energies, but also constructs a new structure that every single citizens becomes discrete power plant stations instead of passive consumers of electricity” “This innovation not only substitutes nuclear reactors to renewable energies, but also constructs a new structure that every single citizens becomes discrete power plant stations instead of passive consumers of electricity” o Diffusion of solar power and storage battery to ordinary households

27. Issue #1: Unavoidable strong dependence on ME Issue #1: Unavoidable strong dependence on ME Issue #2: Preparation of additional facilities for renewable energy Issue #2: Preparation of additional facilities for renewable energy

29. Geothermal Power Generation Plenty of resources; the 3 rd biggest resource in the world Plenty of resources; the 3 rd biggest resource in the world o Not used frequently: standing 8 th in the world in regard to the installed capacity o Covers only 0.3% of total electric energy in Japan o Research has been stagnated since 2003 until 3.11

30. Economic efficiency Economic efficiency Influence to the government Influence to the government Coexistence with local people Coexistence with local people

31. Conclusion Nuclear power plant violates all 7 insecurities directly and interrelatedly to extreme points, if there is no nuclear plants, we can finally be free from fear and threat. Nuclear power plant violates all 7 insecurities directly and interrelatedly to extreme points, if there is no nuclear plants, we can finally be free from fear and threat. These case studies of Chernobyl and Fukushima indicate the negative influences of the use of nuclear energy. They threaten the human security in various aspects; therefore, it would be dangerous for Japan to continue it's use. These case studies of Chernobyl and Fukushima indicate the negative influences of the use of nuclear energy. They threaten the human security in various aspects; therefore, it would be dangerous for Japan to continue it's use. In order to free Japan from fear and threat, it is necessary to discover a possible baseload electricity source, replacing from nuclear power to alternative energies such as geothermal power, in practical timescale. In order to free Japan from fear and threat, it is necessary to discover a possible baseload electricity source, replacing from nuclear power to alternative energies such as geothermal power, in practical timescale.

32. THE END INTERMEDIATE SEMINAR PAUL BACON JULY 17, 2014